APUSH Unit 7B

Red Scare

Period of intense fear of communism and radical political views in the United States, particularly after World War I.

Seattle General Strike

A major strike in Seattle in 1919, where workers across various industries protested working conditions and pay.

American Legion

A U.S. wartime veterans organization founded in 1919 promoting loyalty and patriotism.

A. Mitchell Palmer

U.S. Attorney General known for leading the Palmer Raids against suspected radicals and anarchists in 1919.

J. Edgar Hoover

First Director of the FBI, serving from 1935 to 1972, known for his controversial methods and surveillance practices.

Palmer Raids

A series of raids conducted by the U.S. Department of Justice to capture and deport radical leftists, especially anarchists, in 1919.

Sacco & Vanzetti

Two Italian immigrant anarchists tried and executed for murder in the 1920s, raising concerns about bias and injustice.

St. Louis Riots

Race riots in St. Louis in 1917, reflecting racial tensions and violence during the period.

Red Summer

The summer of 1919 marked by numerous race riots and racial violence in the United States.

Tulsa Massacre (Greenwood/Black Wall Street)

A violent racially motivated attack on the affluent Black community of Greenwood in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1921.

American Plan

A business-oriented approach to labor relations aimed at promoting open shops and opposing unionism.

Coronado Coal v. United Mine Workers

A 1925 Supreme Court case involving the right of unions to organize and strike.

Welfare capitalism

A system in which businesses provide social welfare services to employees to deter unionization.

Henry Ford

Founder of Ford Motor Company, known for his innovations in manufacturing and the development of mass production.

Dollar diplomacy

U.S. foreign policy aimed at promoting American financial interests abroad, particularly in Latin America.

Warren Harding

29th President of the United States (1921-1923), associated with the return to 'normalcy' after WWI.

Herbert Hoover

31st President of the United States, serving from 1929 until 1933, during the onset of the Great Depression.

“Normalcy”

A return to the way of life before World War I, popularized by Warren Harding.

Teapot Dome

A scandal involving the secret leasing of federal oil reserves by the Harding administration.

Calvin Coolidge

30th President of the United States known for his laissez-faire economic policies and promoting business.

Consumer credit

The credit extended to consumers to purchase goods and services, which surged in the 1920s.

Mass culture

The uniform culture of the masses shaped by consumerism, media, and advertising, particularly in the 1920s.

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s who challenged traditional norms of femininity through fashion and behavior.

Clara Bow

An actress who became known as the 'It Girl' and symbolized the flapper culture of the 1920s.

Soft power

The ability to attract and influence others through cultural or ideological means.

Streetcar suburbs

Residential areas that grew around streetcar lines in the early 20th century, facilitating suburban development.

Sheppard-Towner Act

1921 legislation aimed at providing federal funding for maternal and infant health care.

Equal Rights Amendment

A proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution aimed at guaranteeing equal rights regardless of sex.

Margaret Sanger

Activist who worked for women's reproductive rights and founded the first birth control clinic in the U.S.

National Association of Colored Women

An organization founded to advocate for the rights and welfare of African American women.

New Woman

A term referring to women in the late 19th and early 20th century who embraced new freedoms and roles.

Sinclair Lewis

American novelist who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1930, known for critiquing American society.

Anti-Saloon League

A leading organization advocating for the prohibition of alcohol in the United States.

18th Amendment

Constitutional amendment that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

Volstead Act

Legislation that provided for the enforcement of the 18th Amendment.

Butler Act

Tennessee law that prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools.

Scopes Trial

A 1925 court case in which a teacher was tried for violating the Butler Act by teaching evolution.

American Civil Liberties Union

An organization founded to defend individual rights and liberties guaranteed by the Constitution.

National Origins Act

1924 law that restricted immigration based on national origins, severely limiting immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe.

100% Americanism

A belief in defending American values and way of life against perceived foreign influences.

Al Smith

First Catholic presidential candidate nominated by the Democratic Party in 1928.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement in the 1920s celebrating African American art, music, and literature.

Langston Hughes

Influential African American poet and social activist during the Harlem Renaissance.

Jacob Lawrence

African American painter known for his portrayals of African American history and culture.

Zora Neale Hurston

An influential African American author and anthropologist during the Harlem Renaissance.

Louie Armstrong

Jazz musician known for his virtuosic trumpet playing and pioneering influence in jazz.

Alain Locke

Philosopher and writer who promoted African American cultural identity during the Harlem Renaissance.

Marcus Garvey/UNIA

Black nationalist leader who founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association to promote Black pride and self-sufficiency.

Chapter 22

Reference to a specific section in a history textbook or curriculum about the relevant historical context.

Andrew Mellon

Secretary of the Treasury under Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover, known for policies favoring tax cuts for the wealthy.

Smoot-Hawley Tariff

A 1930 tariff that raised duties on imports, worsening the Great Depression.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation

A government agency created to provide financial support to banks and businesses during the Great Depression.

Hoovervilles/Hoover blankets

Shantytowns and makeshift blankets used by homeless individuals during the Great Depression, named after President Hoover.

Farmers’ Holiday Association

An organization formed in response to agricultural depression advocating for a 'holiday' from farm produce.

Bonus Army

A group of World War I veterans who marched to Washington, D.C. in 1932 demanding early payment of bonuses.

FDR

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd President of the United States who implemented the New Deal during the Great Depression.

New Deal

A series of programs and reforms implemented by FDR aimed at recovering the U.S. economy during the Great Depression.

Fireside Chat

A series of radio addresses by FDR to communicate directly with the American people.

Hundred Days

The first 100 days of FDR’s presidency marked by a flurry of legislative activity.

Glass-Steagall Act

Legislation that established the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and separated commercial and investment banking.

FDIC

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, created to insure bank deposits and prevent bank runs.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration

A New Deal agency aimed at raising crop prices by paying farmers to reduce production.

National Recovery Administration

A New Deal agency that aimed to stabilize the economy by establishing industry codes and fair labor standards.

Federal Emergency Relief Admin

Agency created to provide direct relief and aid to unemployed Americans during the Great Depression.

Public Works Administration

New Deal agency responsible for large scale public works construction projects to create jobs.

Civil Works Administration

Temporary agency created in 1933 to provide public employment during the winter of the Great Depression.

Civilian Conservation Corps

New Deal program that employed young men in environmental conservation projects.

Home Owners Loan Corporation

Government agency that provided refinancing for home mortgages to prevent foreclosures.

Federal Housing Administration

Agency created to stimulate the housing market by providing mortgage insurance.

Securities and Exchange Commission

Agency created to regulate the securities industry and protect investors.

American Liberty League

Political organization opposed to the New Deal, advocating for limited government and free enterprise.

National Association of Manufacturers

Trade association of manufacturers that opposed New Deal policies.

Schechter v. US

A Supreme Court case that struck down the National Industrial Recovery Act as unconstitutional.

Francis Townsend

Physician and social reformer who proposed the Townsend Plan for old-age pensions.

Father Coughlin

A Catholic priest and radio host who became a controversial figure during the Great Depression for his populist views.

Huey Long

Louisiana politician known for his Share Our Wealth program and criticism of FDR.

Share Our Wealth

Huey Long's proposed program to redistribute wealth in America during the Great Depression.

Welfare state

A government that provides social services and welfare to its citizens.

Wagner Act

Labor law enacted in 1935 that guaranteed workers' rights to organize and bargain collectively.

National Labor Relations Board

Agency created to enforce labor laws and protect workers' rights to organize.

Social Security Act

1935 law that established a social insurance program for retirees, the disabled, and dependent children.

Aid to Dependent Children

Program within the Social Security Act providing financial assistance to single mothers with children.

New Deal (modern) liberalism

A contemporary political philosophy that emphasizes government intervention in the economy and social welfare.

Works Progress Administration

New Deal program that employed millions of people in public works projects to improve infrastructure.

Court-packing plan

FDR's controversial proposal to increase the number of Supreme Court justices to gain favorable rulings.

Roosevelt recession

A downturn in the economy in 1937 characterized by rising unemployment during FDR's second term.

John Maynard Keynes/Keynesian economics

Economic theory advocating for government intervention to stabilize the economy and increase employment.

Fair Labor Standards Act

1938 law establishing minimum wage, overtime pay, and restrictions on child labor.

Congress of Industrial Organizations

Labor organization representing industrial workers, formed in the 1930s.

Frances Perkins

First woman to serve in the U.S. Cabinet as Secretary of Labor, instrumental in New Deal policies.

Eleanor Roosevelt

First Lady, human rights activist, and advocate for social reform and civil rights during FDR's presidency.

Mary McLeod Bethune

Educator and civil rights leader who founded a private school for African American students.

National Youth Administration

New Deal agency that provided education, employment, and training for youth.

Southern Tenant Farmers Union

Group formed in 1934 to protect the rights of sharecroppers and tenant farmers.

Bureau of Indian Affairs

U.S. government agency responsible for managing relations with Native American tribes.

Indian Reorganization Act

1934 law aimed at restoring self-governance and economic stability to Native American tribes.

Tydings-McDuffie Act

1934 law establishing a timetable for Philippine independence from the United States.

Dust Bowl

A period of severe dust storms in the 1930s that damaged agriculture in the Great Plains.

John Steinbeck/Grapes of Wrath

American author known for his novel depicting the struggles of Dust Bowl migrants during the Great Depression.

Soil Conservation Service

Agency created to combat soil erosion and promote sustainable agricultural practices.