Lecture 3 - Family and Special Needs

The family theories include:

1. The family systems theory which is developed by Dr. Murray _____. It views the family as a complex emotional ____ rather than just a collection of separate individuals. It states that family members are deeply ____, meaning a change, stress, or behavior in one person directly affects ____ in the system. There is also a high degree of ____ which is when problems occur, the family is able to change.

2. The family stress theory states that stress is a state of disequilibrium or structural disruption when a family transitions though _____ life-cycle stages or face intense situational _____. Stress arises when cumulative demands outweight the system’s active ___ capabilities or resources. An example includes a ____ in the family. Developmental trasnitions includes ____ or adding new children which tests stability. The family must _____ and alter roles, communication patterns, and structures to regain equilibrium.

3. The developmental theory.

bowen; unit; interconnected; everyone; adaptability; developmental; demands; coping; death; aging; reorganize

The ____ ____ family consists of a married couple and their biological children.

A _____ family is composed of 2 parents with their children, not necessarily biological.

A ____ family consists of at least one stepparent, stepsibling, or half-sibling.

An ____ family includes a family member that is not a parent or a sibling.

A ____ ___ family contains only one parent.

A ____ family is a family in which parents continue their parenting role while terminating the spousal unit.

A _____ family is when there are multiple spouses. Polygyny includes having multiple ____ while polylandry has multuple ____.

traditional nuclear; nuclear; blended; extended; single parent; binuclear; polygamous; wives; husbands

There are 3 different parenting styles:

1. _____ is when the parents control their kid’s behaviors and attitudes. They do this via ____ mandates.

2. ______ consists of shared authority. They direct via rules and negatively enforce ____. They respect ____ of their children and allow them to express objections. They foster a ____ within their kids and set ___ standards/expectations. Their children tend to have high self ____, assertive, and are self-reliant.

3. ______ parents have little to no control over thier children. The parents consider themselves ____ and not role models. They consult their children in the ____ making process. They rarely ____ their kids for deviations.

There different ways of discipline include:

1. The use of ____ ____ which is the establishment of rules or guidelines for behavior. The more clearer and ____ they are enforced, the less the need for disciplinary action.

2. ____ misbehavior includes making excuses for misbehavior.

3. Behavior ____ includes teaching and doing a time-out.

authoritarian; unquestionable; authoritariative; deviation; individuality; conscience; realistic; esteem; permissive; resources; decision; punish; limit setting; consistently; minimizing; modification

Qualities of a strong family include:

1. ____ each other and encourage to do better

2. Tries to spend ____ and do things w one another

3. A sense of ___

4. Congruence among family ____

5. Ability to ___ w each other in positive interactions

6. A clear set of family ____, values, and beleifs

7. THe use of adequate ____ strategies

8. Problem-solving ability

9. Ability to be positive

10. Flexibility and ____

11. Balance between ____ and external family resources.

appreciate; time; purpose; values; communicate; rules; coping; adaptability; internal

Hospitalization reactions for infants to preschoolers include:

1. ____ anxiety

2. ____ which is when they refuse to do something

3. ____ or sadness

4. _____ or denial of having it

School-age to adolescent reactions include:

1. Loneliness and ____ due to hospitalization.

2. A loss of ____ as they do not have any control.

3. Feelings of ___, sadness, and stress. This is when you want to give some ____ guidance to help them have some autonomy over their medical decisions

4. ____ disturbance.

Interventions include:

1. Encourage ___ as in get them out of their room.

2. Minimize ____ by including parents in care and educating parents on how to do things.

3. Do not disrupt _____. Encourage ____ and allow them to do their own things.

4. Do not disrupt their ____ by having teachers come to the hospital.

5. Prevent and minimize ___ by explaining things in ways they will understand. Learn the patient’s specific ____ mechanisms and enforce those.

separation; protest; despair; detachment; isolation; autonomy; anger; anticipatory; sleep; movement; separation; routines; independence; schooling; fear; coping

The use of play can help with mental, emotional, and ___ aspects. It can be used to act out ____ or relieve anxiety. It can be a way to ____, prepare, and a way to educate. It can be used as a ____ or for recreational use. It also allows for ___ expression.

____ innvolves allowing a child w a disability or chronic illness to experience a lifestyle as close to that of other children as possible.

____ includes placing a child w a disability or special healthcare needs in a reg classroom w children who do not have disabilities for some or all of the school day.

social; fears; cope; distraction; creative; normalization; mainstreaming

Risk factors for visual impairment include:

1. ____ during the perinatal period.

2. ____ of prematurity

3. Trauma or ____

4. Idiopathic like ____ errors like myopia and hyeropia, astigmatism

Different visual impairments include:1

1. ____ which is nearsightedness which is ability to see close objects

2. ____ is far-sightedness which is ability to see far objects.

3. _____ consits of curvature of lens and farsightedness. Lights may appear ____ at night.

4. Amblyopia is a ____ eye. The brain ___ one eye over the other causing poor vision development in the ___ eye.

5. Clouding of the natural lens that sits behind the lens is called ____.

6. Crossed eyes is called _____.

7. Anisometropia is when two eyes have significant difference in ____ strength.

8. _____ is due to an inc in IOP which damages the optic nerve.

You want to assess for _____ and look for tracking via the cardinal.

Common assesment findings for visual impairment includes:

1. A decreased response to _____ and tracking.

2. An increase in ____ and rubbing of eyes

3. Vertigo

4. A decrease in ___ performance

5. Closing ___ eye and the ___ of the head.

You want to screen every __ year.

infections; retinopathy; injury; refractive; myopia; hyperopia; asitgmatism; blurry; lazy; favors; weaker; cataracts; strabismus; prescription; glaucoma; PERRLA; light; headaches; academic; one; tilting; odd

Risk factors for auditory impairment include family HX, anatomic ___, a ___ birth weight, prematurity, ____ drugs like gentamycin, chronic ear infections like otitis ____, cerebral ___, perinatal complications, and ____ exposure like loud noises.

Different types include:

1. _____ hearing loss which is when the sound waves cannot reach inner air. This is due to a ___ or dmage in the outer ear, ear canal, eardrum or middle ear that stops sound frm moving forward. Sounds often seem ___ or muffled but clarity is usuall good if the volume goes ____.

2. _____ hearing loss happens when the inner ear or the nerve gets damaged. The tiny ___ cells cannot change the sound into signals. This is the most common kind of ____ hearing loss.

3. ____ hearing loss is a combination of both.

Upon assessment you may see:

1. No ___ reflex

2. No ___ at 7 months

3. The use of ____ speech at 24 months

4. An ____ when speaking to the child and a lack of response.

They can be taught to communicate via ___. Also the use of hearing aids and ____ implants can help.

malformations; low; ototoxic; media; palsy; environmental; conductivy; block; quiet; up; sensorineural; hair; permanent; mixed; startly; babbling; unintelligible; indifference; ASL; cochlear

Different types of communication impairments include:

1. ____ language disorder is a communication issue that makes it hard to understand spoken or receptive words. They struggle to process ____, follow directions, or _____ questions correctly. The hearing may be completely ____ but the issue is processing.

2. An ____ language disorder is when a person has trouble sharing thoughts, ideas, and feelings, using spoken/writen words. They ___ others just gine but cannot use correct sentences or find the right words.

3. ____ spectrum disorder is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition that affects how a person communicates, interacts w others, learns nad behaviors. They often have ____ and difficult social interaction due to trouble processing social ___. They may have ____ issues due to lack of fear and not understanding of boundaries. You have to make sure they are ___ whenever they have thos episodes.

Nursing assessment for ASD focuses on evaluating communication differences, restricted or ____ behaviors, and ____ sensitivities. You need to take note of ____ milestones to make individualized careplans.

receptive; meaning; answer; normal; expressive; understand; autism; awkward; cues; behavior; safe; repetitive; sensory; developmental

A cognitive impairment is also called an ____ disability. It leads to dysfunction in:

1. Intellectual functioning which consists of ____, ____ thinking, and judgement

2. Adaptive like _____, social skills, self-care, and health or ____.

3. Developmental leading to ___ milestones.

The key is ___ intervention.

intellectual; reasoning; abstract; communication; safety; delayed; early