AP BIO Unit 2:Cells

Vocabulary flashcards covering cell structure, prokaryotes, eukaryotes, organelles, the endomembrane system, and energy organelles based on Unit 2 lecture notes.

Cells

The basic structural and functional units of every organism.

Prokaryotes

Cells belonging to domains Bacteria and Archaea that are generally smaller in size than eukaryotes, have DNA in the nockoid region, and lack internal membrane-bound organelles.

Eukaryotes

Cells comprising protists, fungi, animals, and plants, which have DNA in the nucleus and contain membrane-bound organelles that compartmentalize cellular functions.

Organelles

Membrane-bound structures in eukaryotes.

Endomembrane system

Organelles and subcellular components that interact (directly or via vesicles) to modify, package, and transport polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids in the cell.

Energy organelles

Organelles, including mitochondria and chloroplasts, that convert energy to forms that cells can use for work.

Mitochondria

Site of cellular respiration; synthesizes ATP

Peroxisomes

Catalyze reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide

Ribosomes

These structures carry out protein synthesis by translating mRNA into a chain of amino acids

Golgi apparatus

Responsible for final modifications of proteins. Sorts, distributes, and packages proteins for trafficking

Rough ER

Studded with ribosomes; compartmentalizes the cell for protein synthesis

Lysosomes

Membrane bound vesicle containing hydrolytic enzymes; plays a role in recycling of cell parts and apoptosis.

Smooth ER

Synthesis lipids and detoxifies the cell.

Nucleus

Central region of eukaryotic cells that holds DNA; where DNA replication and mRNA transcription occurs.

Central Vacuole

In plant cells, this helps to maintain turgor pressure

Chloroplasts

Site of photosynthesis

Nuclear envelope

Surrounds the nucleus; has pores that regulate the entry/exit of materials

ALL CELLS contain:

Plasma membrane

Cytosol

Chromosomes

Ribosomes

Endomembrane system

Organelles and subcellular components that interact (directly or via vesicles) to modify, package, and transport polysaccharides, proteins and lipids in the cell.

What organelles make up the Endomembrane system?

1. Nuclear envelope

2. Endoplasmic reticulum

3. Golgi complex

4. Lysosomes

5. Vesicles/vacuoles

6. Plasma Membrane

Energy Organelles:

1.Mitocondria

2. Chloroplasts

Golgi Complex

Has Directionality

Cis face: Receives vesicles from the ER

Trans face:Sends vesicles back out into the cytosol to other locations or the plasma membrane or secretion.

Golgi Complex functions:

1. Receives transport vesicles with materials from the ER

2. Modifies the materials

3. Sorts the materials

4. Adds molecular tags

5. Packages materials into new transport vesicles that exit the membrane via exocytosis.

Peroxisomes

Breaks down fatty acid molecules, synthesizes certain phospholipids, detoxify compounds

Endosymbiont Theory:

The theory that explains the similarities mitochondria and chloroplasts have to prokaryotic cells.

-Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from once free living prokaryotic cells via endosymbiosis ( they were engulfed by ancestral eukaryotic cell)

-Prokaryotic cell became an endosymbiont ( cell that lives in another cell)

Endosymbiont Theory

Evidence:

1. Double membrane

2. Ribosomes

3. Circular DNA

4. Capable of functioning on their own

Types of fibers in the cytoskeleton:

1.Microtubules

2.microfilaments

3.Intermediate filamenta

Microtubles

Thickest filaments in cytoskeleton ( In animals cells they grow from the centrosome)

Functions: Serve as structural support (think: tracks) for the moment of organelles that are interacting with motor proteins

-assist in the movement of Chromosomes during cell division

Microfilaments

Thin, solid rods made of the protein actin

Functions: Maintain cell shape , assist in muscle contraction and cell mobility, division of animal cells

Intermediate Filaments

Fibrous proteins made up of varying subunits;permanent structural elements of cells

Functions: -Maintains cell shape, Anchor nucleus and organelles, form the nuclear lamina(lines the nuclear envelope)