bio exam 2

unicellular

1 cell

multi-cellular

more than one cell

where do cells arise from?

other preexisting cells

what process allows cells to come from preexisting cells?

cell division

what are cells composed of?

lipid membrane, cytoplasm, and genetic material

cells have 2 categories

prokaryotic, eukaryotic

prokaryotic

simple, small

no nucleus

no organelle

eukaryotic

doesn't always have cell wall

organell

nucleus

big complex

cytoplasm mostly consist of

water

what does cytoplasm do

supports internal cell components

cell components that cytoplasm support

organell, genetic material, protein molecules and ions

cell membrane what do cells use

protein

what do cells use protein for

to maintain concentration of ions

cell membrane controls what?

the liquids that enter or leave the cell

model of cell membrane

fluid mosaic model

what transports through the membranes

ions, nutrients, and cell waste

what helps certain things get through

proteins

what prevents molecules from getting through (and the exception?)

charged ions, H2O

2 main categories of transport?

active and passive

passive transport

requires no energy

active transport

needs energy (ATP)

why does active transport need energy

to move things through the concentration gradients

concentration gradient

difference in concentration of substance

osmosis

H2O diffusion

osmosis 3 solutions

isotonic solution, hypotonic solution, hypertonic solution

isotonic soltion

solution concentration is balanced (water is balanced)

hypotonic solution

solute concentration higher in the extracellular fluid (water diffuses out of cells)

hypertonic solution

solute concentration lower in the extracellular fluid (water diffuses into cells)

passive transport (2 types of diffusion)

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion

simple diffusion

small, non polar molecules moving through membrane

facilitated diffusion

using channel proteins to facilitate diffusion of large or charge molecules

active transport purpose

transport things through protein using ATP

active transport steps

primary, secondary

primary (active transport)

uses app and pump proteins to move molecules

secondary (active transport)

uses concentration gradient built by pump protein to facilitate transport

vesicles (active transport)

use when needed to bring lots of molecules at one singular time

2 forms of vesicles

exocytosis, endocytosis

exocytosis

moving things of of the cell spe

dial time of exocytosis

phagocytosis

phalocytosis

macrophages is an immune cell that uses this takes in large things through eating

endocytosis

taking in substance from outside celll by enclosing vesicles

nucleus (eukaryotic organells )

largest organelle, houses DNA

nucleus 3 features (eukaryotic organells)

chromatin, nucleolus, nuclear membrane c

chromatin (eukaryotic organells)

dna and attached proteins

nucleolus (eukaryotic organells)

made of DNA and proteins, where dna is compacted, where ribosomes are made

nuclear membrane (eukaryotic organells)

made of 2 bilayers if phospholipids

cytosketlon 3 main purposes (eukaryotic organells)

helps support cells shape, transport materials, cell moments

3 types of cytoskeleton (eukaryotic organells)

microtubules, intermediate fillaments, micro fillaments

microtubules (cytoskeleton)

radiate out from middle of the cell

microtubules (cytoskeleton) sizes

thick hallow tube, biggest

microtubules (cytoskeleton) uses

transportation by motor proteins

microtubules (cytoskeleton) 2 used for motion

Cilia and flagella

cilia

rhythmic beating and transport mucous fulid

flagella

sperm movement

microfiliments (cytoskeleton)

help w full cell movement

microfilaments size and location wise (cytoskeleton)

smallest, edge of cell

mitochondria purpose

turn chemical energy into cellular energy

mitochondria

cell respiration

mitchondria (DNA)

can replicate their own

garbage diosposal

organells eventullaly wear out and needs to be replaced

garbage disposal lysome

low PH acidic can destruct/recycle organelles

(garbage disposal) H pump purpose

ensure PH is low

endomembrane system

connection to organells where the proteins are built

endomembrane system consist of (3)

ER, Golgi

ER two forms

rough vs smooth

rough ER

has ribosome

rough ER

site of protein photosynthesis and folding

smooth ER

no ribosomes

smooth ER

lipid photosynthesis, removes toxins

Golgi

controls where the protein will end up going by taking on molecule code

(plant cells) vacuole purpose

storage area for nutrients, waste, poison

chloroplast and mitochondria do this but no other organells do

convert energy

what is required for making/breaking of chemical bonds

energy

where do we acquire energy

food

energy definition

the capacity to cause change

energy forms

kinetic\ and potential

potential energy

energy position of structure

kinetic energy

energy of motion

kinetic energy examples

mechanical thermal sound radiant

potential energy examples

chemical elastic gravitational

entropy increases when

energy is transformed/transfered

reactants convert to

products

reactants requiring input of energy

endergonic

reactants release energy

exergonic

delta G is

equal to energy in product-energy in reactants

negative dleta G is

exergonic

postive delta G

endergonic

energy to start reaction

activation energy

catabolic reactions

break molecules (exergonic)

anabolic

build molecules (endergonic) r

reaction rates are effected by

temp, concetraion, activation energy (influence of enzyme)

uses sunlight as energy to convert to chemical energy

photosynthesis

food chemical energy that converts into ATP

cell respiration

is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic?

endergonic

is cell respiration endergonic or exergonic?

exergonic

atp

energy storage molecule

what is ATP

nucleic acid

where is the energy for atp stored

chemical bond

photosynthesis

building something using light

where does photosynthesis

chloroplast