Biology Ch. 7 and 11

Redox reactions

describes reduction and oxidation

Glycolysis (Location)

cytoplasm

Oxidation

removal of electrons

Reduction

addition of electrons

Pyruvate

output of glycolysis

Oxygen

required to fully break down glucose

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

determined DNA is genetic material

Erwin Chargaff

discovered DNA contains 4 nucleotides

Chargaff rules

A, T, C, G varies in DNA in species; in each species, A=T and G=C

Rosalind Franklin

research showed DNA is a helix with portions repeating

Nucleotide

Phosphate, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogen containing base

Watson and Crick Model 1951

suggested DNA replicates

Hydrogen bond

what holds DNA bases

Semiconservative Replication

parent DNA strand unwinds and separates by action of helicase

DNA Ligase

Seals any breaks in the sugar-phosphate backbone

DNA polymerase

forms new strands of DNA by base pairing actions

Eukaryotic Replication

Replication “bubbles” form and spread in both directions until they meet

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

contains ribose, uses uracil, single stranded

Three major types of RNA

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

Messenger RNA

carries genetic message to ribosomes

Transfer RNA

transfers amino acids to ribosomes

Ribosomal RNA

join with proteins to form ribosomes

Sir Archibald Garrand

suggested a relation between inheritance and metabolic diseases

Central Dogma

link between genes and proteins

Translation

changes nucleotides to amino acids

mRNA

directs the sequence of amino acids

triplet

3 nucleotide sequence in DNA

Codon

three nucleotide sequence in RNA; encodes a single amino acid

Start codons

AUG, methionine

Stop Codons

UAA, UAG, UGA

Exons

exit the nucleus

Introns

enter the nucleus

three phases of translation

imitation, elongation, termination

imitation

mRNA binds small subunits of ribosomes

Enlongation

Peptide lengthens one amino acid at a time

Termination

polypeptide released

P site

tRNA + Peptide

A site

new tRNA + Amino Acid

E site

tRNA exits

Housekeeping cells

always active

operon

a cluster of genes accompanied by DNA control sequence

heterochromatin

compacted, inactive chromatin

Barr body

second inactive female x chromosome

enhancer

speeds up transcription