GOVE FEDERALISM

Article I, Section 8, elastic clause

Gives Congress enumerated powers and the Necessary and Proper Clause, which allows implied powers to carry out concepts of enumerated powers.

Article I, Section 10

Limits the powers of state governments.

Article IV

Article explaining the relationship between the states with each other and with the federal government.

Article VI, Supremacy Clause

States that the Constitution and valid federal laws take precedence over conflicting state laws.

10th amendment

Powers not given to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved for state governments or the people, unless the Constitution prohibits them to the states.

14th Amendment

Requires state governments to provide due process and equal protection under the law to all people within their jurisdiction.

Block Grants

Federal money given to states for a broad purpose, giving states flexibility in how to spend it.

Categorical Grants

Federal money given to states for a specific purpose with strict rules on how it must be used.

Concurrent Powers

Powers shared by the federal and state governments, such as taxing and establishing courts.

Cooperative Federalism

Federal and state governments work together to create and enforce policies.

Defense of Marriage Act

Law that defined marriage federally as between a man and a woman (refused to recognize same sex marriage)

Devolution

The transfer of power from the federal government to state or local governments.

Exclusive Powers

Powers held only by the federal government, such as coining money and declaring war.

Extradition

The process of returning a person accused or convicted of a crime to the state where the crime occurred.

Federalism

A system of government in which power is divided between the national and state governments.

Federal Grants

Money the federal government gives to state or local governments to fund programs or projects.

Fiscal Federalism

The use of federal money and grants to influence state and local government policies.

Full Faith and Credit Clause

States must recognize the official laws, public records, and court decisions of other states.

Mandates

Requirements imposed by the federal government on state or local governments.

Police Powers

State powers to protect public health, safety, welfare, and morals.

Privileges and Immunities Clause

Prevents states from unfairly discriminating against citizens of other states in certain fundamental activities.

Revenue Sharing

A system in which the federal government gives states or local governments money with few restrictions.

Strings

Conditions attached to federal funds that states must follow to receive the money.

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

A law that changed welfare by requiring more people to work and limiting how long they could receive government assistance.

Commerce Clause

Gives Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce, or economic activity between states.

Dual Federalism

A system where the federal and state governments have separate, clearly defined powers and each mainly handles its own responsibilities without interfering with the other.

Enumerated Powers

Powers specifically listed in the Constitution for the federal government.

McCulloch v. Maryland

The Supreme Court ruled that the federal government has powers beyond those specifically listed in the Constitution and that states cannot tax the federal government. (emphasizes federal over state law)

Necessary and Proper Clause

Allows Congress to pass laws needed to carry out its constitutional powers; also called the Elastic Clause.

Selective Exclusiveness

A system where the federal and state governments each have separate powers and neither can interfere with the other’s responsibilities.

United States v. Lopez

Supreme Court case that limited Congress's Commerce Clause power by ruling that banning guns near schools was not a valid regulation of interstate commerce. (Limits power of federal gov)

Clean Air Act

Federal law that regulates air pollution and establishes national air-quality standards.

Clean Water Act

Federal law that regulates pollutant discharges into U.S. waters.

Controlled Substances Act

Federal law that classifies and regulates drugs based on their accepted medical uses and potential for abuse.

Elementary and Secondary Education Act

Federal law providing support for elementary and secondary education, especially for students from low-income families.

Endangered Species Act

Federal law that protects threatened and endangered species and their habitats.

Every Student Succeeds Act

A federal law that gives states more control over their schools while requiring them to hold schools accountable for student performance. More state control on setting school standards

Kyoto Protocol

An international agreement that required participating developed countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to help fight climate change.

National Environmental Policy Act

Federal law requiring environmental reviews for major federal actions that significantly affect the environment.

No Child Left Behind Act

Education law that increased federal testing and accountability requirements for public schools; later replaced.

Paris Agreement

An international climate agreement adopted in 2015 in which participating countries commit to efforts to limit global warming.