Growth and Development + The Cell (1+2)

Growth and Development

The biological process where an animal changes from a single fertilized egg into a mature, reproducing adult through cell division, tissue differentiation, and increased size.

Control of Growth and Development

Evolves over time in response to shifting conditions and or requirements.

Mammals possess an estimated___________ protein- coding genes.

20,000 - 30,000

Cell Proliferation

increased cell numbers

Pattern Formation

Mechanism of cellular self organization

Situs Solitus

normal, standard arrangement of the internal thoracic and abdominal organs in the human body

Situs inversus

mirror-image reversal of the chest and belly organs

Situs ambiguus

Mixed or unorganized placement of organs

Cell Differentiation

Unspecialized cell changes into a specialized cell

Morphogenesis

Process that causes an organism, tissue, or cell to develop its shape

Hemoglobin

The globular protein in red blood cells made of four polypeptide chains and four heme groups

Fetal Hemoglobin

The primary oxygen carrying protein in developing fetuses, designed to bind to oxygen more tightly than adult hemoglobin.

Sickle Cell Disease

Caused by a mutation in the HBB gene that produces abnormal hemoglobin

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRs)

Caused by highly persistent virus, attacks the immune system resulting in respiratory disease and repro failure.

Hierarchy of Structural Organization (6 main levels)

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, and organismal

Chemical

Atomic and molecular

Atomic

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Molecular

Organic compounds comprised of organic elements

Biological molecules (biomolecules)

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids

Lipids

Hydrophobic – insoluble in water

Proteins

Long polymers of amino acids (20)

Carbohydrates

Polymers of monosaccharides

Cell Signaling

recognition and signal transduction

Recognition

identify self/non-self, directing cells to particular location

Signal Transduction

receptors for signal molecules, or signals themselves (hormones)

Nucleic Acids

Long polymers of nucleotides

Cell size is measured in

microns (um)

Cells

Structural and functional unit of all living organisms

Organelles

Specialized structures that perform specific functions within the cell

Plasma (Cell) Membrane

Physical barrier between cell interior and the external environment

Nucleus

Membrane-bound organelle storing DNA

Ribosomes

Translates mRNA into polypeptide chains

Endoplasmic Reticulum

smooth or rough (different functions)

Rough ER

Contains ribosomes that produce proteins destined for specific cellular location

Smooth ER

Lipid synthesis

Golgi Apparatus (body)

Protein and lipid modifications + transport of molecules + makes lysosomes

Lysosomes

Cells digestive system, breaks down large molecules into smaller components (monomers)

Mitochondria

Converts pyruvate into adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Centrosome

organizes microtubules within the cell

Cytoskeleton (not an organelle)

Maintains shape of cell and organization of organelles, enables cell movement, transports materials

Cell Cycle

G0, Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

G0

cell is just chilling

Interphase (G1, S, & G2)

cell growth/prep, DNA replication, and cell growth/prep

Mitotic Phase (M and C)

mitosis and cytokinesis

Mitosis

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Prophase

Preparation for separation of duplicated DNA

Prometaphase

migration of chromosomes towards metaphase plate

Metaphase

Migration is complete

Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

Ensuring equal tension from microtubules at each pole

Anaphase

Daughter chromosomes pulled to each pole by mitotic spindles

Telophase

Daughter chromosomes arrive at each pole

Cytokinesis

Cell division