MAMMALS LAB 5: UNGULATES

Order Artiodactyla Family Hippopotamidae - hippos

• Habitat: in and around streams and rivers

• Diet: grasses, shoots, leaves, fallen fruits

• Activity pattern: nocturnal

• Lifestyle: amphibious

• Behavior: gregarious or live singly/in pairs

• Range: Africa

Order Artiodactyla Family Cervidae - deer, moose, caribou, elk, and allies

• Habitat: wide range - arctic tundra to tropical forest

• Diet: herbivorous - grass, bark, twigs, young shoots

• Activity pattern: crepuscular and nocturnal

• Lifestyle: terrestrial

• Behavior: solitary to gregarious

• Range: worldwide except sub-saharan Africa, Australia, and Antarctica

Order Artiodactyla Family Cervidae Odocoileus virginianus - white-tailed deer

Order Artiodactyla Family Cervidae Cervus canadensis - elk and wapiti

Order Artiodactyla Family Cervidae Alces alces - moose

Order Artiodactyla Family Bovidae - antelope, sheep, goats, cattle, and allies

• Habitat: variety - desert to tropical forest

• Diet: herbivorous - wide variety of plant material

• Activity pattern: nocturnal, diurnal, crepuscular

• Lifestyle: terrestrial

• Behavior: gregarious and territorial, but has considerable variation in social structure

• Range: Africa, Europe, Asia, North America

Order Artiodactyla Family Giraffidae - giraffes and okapi

• Habitat: dense forest, open woodland, savanna

• Diet: herbivorous browsers

• Activity pattern: diurnal to nocturnal

• Lifestyle: terrestrial

• Behavior: solitary to gregarious

• Range: most of Africa

Order Artiodactyla Family Antilocapridae - pronghorns

• Habitat: grassland to desert

• Diet: browsers and grazers - shrubs, forms, cacti, and other plants

• Activity pattern: diurnal to nocturnal

• Lifestyle: terrestrial - swift runners

• Behavior: gregarious

• Range: western North America

Order Perissodactyla Family Equidae - horses, asses, zebra

• Habitat: variety - grassland and savanna to desert

• Diet: herbivorous - feed largely on grass

• Activity pattern: active at any time, especially evenings

• Lifestyle: terrestrial - swift runners

• Behavior: live in extended family groups

• Range: Africa and near east to Mongolia - introduced to Americas

Order Perissodactyla Family Tapiridae - tapirs

• Habitat: wooded or grassy areas with permanent water

• Diet: aquatic vegetation and leaves, buds, twigs, fruits of low-growing terrestrial plants

• Activity pattern: nocturnal

• Lifestyle: terrestrial - keen hearing and smell

• Behavior: solitary, shy, reclusive

• Range: disjunct geographic distribution including South America and SE Asia

Order Perissodactyla Family Rhinocerotidae - rhinos

• Habitat: savanna, scrubland, dense forest

• Diet: herbivorous - grass, reeds, twigs

• Activity pattern: nocturnal - active evening to early morning

• Lifestyle: terrestrial - acute smell and hearing

• Behavior: solitary - African rhinos use horns in fighting, Asian rhinos use lower incisors

• Range: Africa and Asia

Order Artiodactyla Family Suidae - pigs, hogs, and allies

• Habitat: forest and woodland

• Diet: omnivorous - fungi, leaves, roots, bulbs, tubers, fruit, snails, worms, small vertebrates, eggs, carrion

• Activity pattern: diurnal to nocturnal

• Lifestyle: terrestrial - shelter in tall grass or burrows

• Behavior: gregarious

• Range: Europe, Asia, Africa - introduced elsewhere

Order Artiodactyla Family Tayassuidae - peccaries

• Habitat: variety - desert scrub to rainforest

• Diet: primarily vegetarians - fruits, berries, seeds, roots, cacti, grubs, snakes, small vertebrates and invertebrates

• Activity pattern: diurnal to nocturnal

• Lifestyle: terrestrial

• Behavior: gregarious

• Range: SW United States to central Argentina

Order Artiodactyla Family Tragulidae - mouse-deer

• Habitat: thickets and forests, near water

• Diet: primarily herbivorous - grass, leaves, fruit, invertebrates, small vertebrates, carrion

• Activity pattern: crepuscular and nocturnal

• Lifestyle: terrestrial - use tunnel-like trails through dense vegetation

• Behavior: shy, solitary

• Range: west and central Africa, Southern Asia

Order Artiodactyla Family Camelidae - camels, vicuna, guanaco, alpaca, llama

• Habitat: semi-arid to arid plains, grasslands, and deserts

• Diet: herbivorous - mostly grass

• Activity pattern: diurnal

• Lifestyle: terrestrial

• Behavior: gregarious

• Range: Arabian peninsula, Africa, Asia, South America