Bio 106 Exam 2

taxonomy

how animals/plants are name

Carolus Linnaeus

invented binomial nomenclature (naming things)

binomial nomenclature

each name consists of two parts

generic name

refers to a group of organisms closely related to each other (genus)

example of generic name

PANTHERA Leo , pantheria is the generic portion

species name

specific characterizing name that tells you exactly what species it is

example of species name

panthera LEO, Leo is the specific species

350 BC to mid 19th century

Organisms were divided into 2 kingdoms, plantae and Animalia

1866

Earns Haeckel recognized kingdom Protista (recognized things were “swimming around”)

1937

Edouard Chatton classified organisms are prokaryotic or Eukaryotic

1969

R.H Whittaker added 2 new kingdoms monera and fungi (monera is now NOT considered a kingdom)

Late 1970s

Carl Woese proposes 6 kingdoms classified into 3 domains

common characteristics of all 3 domains

all shared from common ancestor (LUCA)

systematics

study of biological diversity and evolutionary relationships

systematics goal

reconstruct phylogenetic trees

paraphyletic taxon

contains members that have a common ancestor but not all of its descendants

polyphyletic taxon

group of species with different ancestors

monophyletic

share common ancestor

principal of parsimony

evolution takes place with the least amount of steps

shared derived characteristics

trait found in 2 or more taxa (classifies living organisms) that first appeared in most common recent ancestore

example of shared derived characteristics

feathers in birds, all birds have feathers shared from common dinosaur like ancestor

shared primitive charactersitics

traits that are found in 2 or more taxa that were present in distant ancestors

example of shared primitive characteristics

a backbone, shared between fish frogs snakes birds and mammalsoh

horizontal lateral gene transfer

genes are shared between different groups of organisms

example of horizontal gene transfer

aphids (small sap sucking insect( acquired ability to make their own carotenoids from fungi

diversity + evolution

lots of horizontal gene transfer between phyla and prokaryotes

domain archae

extremists, contains histone proteins

methanogens

methane producing archae (usually in lakes)

extremophiles

live in extreme conditions

thermophiles

live in hot temps

halophytes

live in salty or briny environments

acidophiles

live in acidic environments

crycophiles

live in cold tempv

crenarchaeota

most widely disperse kingdom in archaea

euarchaetoa

methane producing kingdom

korarchaeota

kingdom that lives in extremely hot temps and breakdowns when room temp

nanoarchaeota

very small and parasites that live off of crenaraeota

domain bacteria

found everywhere but most extreme environmentsyc

cyanobacteria

photosynthetic bacteria

proteobacteria

directly influence our lives

proteobacteria

has a high degree of metabolic diversity

rhizobium (proteobacteria ecological role)

nitrogen fixation

agrobacterium (proteobacteria ecological role)

plant wounding

nitrosomonas(proteobacteria ecological role)

nitrogen cycling

disease (proteobacteria ecological role)

salmonella

escherichia coli (proteobacteria ecological role)

digestion

lichand

photosynthetic bacteria found in association with water, surface, soil, or fungushyp

phycobilins

accessory pigment, captures energy from sun to transfer to chlorophyll molecule

heterocyst

breaks triple bond of nitrogen

ribosomes

not organelles but essential for making life

pilli

hairlike extensions that help bacteria move and stick to things

flagella

larger than pill and use a whip like motion to move, made up of microtubules

glycocalyx

extracellu

coccus

round

bacillus

rod shaped

vibrio

shaped like a comma

spirochaete

spiral shape, more flexible + can spend

sprillium

spiral shaped, cannot bend

bacterial colonies

can secrete mucliage

mucliage

consistency of snot, keeps cells together in colony

quorum sensing

process in which individual microbes secrete small signaling molecules that has potential to influence neighboring cells

archaea cell wall

made up of proteins and glycoproteins

bacteria cell wall

made of peptidoglycan

gram positive bacteria

takes up purple stain, thick peptidoglycan wall, antibiotics

gram negative bacteria

no stain, thin peptidoglycan wall with outer envelope containing lipopolysaccharides, no antibiotics

motility

prokaryotic flagellum is unique

binary fission

replicate dna, cell grows, you divide into 2 new entities (asexual reproduction)

akinete

large cell that stores nutrition, buries itself to outlive stressful times

endospores

walls form inside of bacteria to ensure survival within stressful times

prokaryotic flagellum

made of microtubules, anorched by protein rings into the cell

pilli

smaller than flagella, almost like hair, helps bacteria stick to surface

transduction

process which a signal or genetic information is transferred from one cell or organism to another (ex: virus infects bacteria)

transformation

a cell takes up foreign DNA from its own environment and incorporates it into its own genetic material (EX: new DNA might help bacteria survive an antibiotic)

conjugation

change of DNA through a sex plus, dictated by your F type

sex pillis

transfers genetic material

autotrophs

self feeders

photoautotrophs

uses light as a source of energy to help synthesize organic molecules (EX: photosynthesis in plants)

Chemoautotrophs

obtains energy through chemical modifications of inorganic molecules to make organic molecules (EX: bacteria that oxidizes iron)

heterotrophs

other feeders

photoheterotrophs

uses sunlight to create ATP but they have to take organic molecules from environment (EX: take carbon from organic molecules)

Chemoheterotrophs

obtains organic molecules and energy from the environment (EX: humans, animals, fungi)

aerobes

needs oxygen

aerobe obligate

requires oxygen, obligated to need oxygen

faculative

uses oxygen for aerobic respiration, but does not need it

anaerobes

do not need oxygen

anaerobe obligate

poisoned by oxygen

aerotolerant

tolerant to oxygen, does not need it nor is poisoned by it

carbon cycle

fix carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, decomposes things

kingdom Protista

protists can grow in ocean

supergroup

informal classification that sits between kingdom and domain

algae

photosynthetic protists, photo autotrophs and food for others

protozoa

diverse group of heterotrophic protists, fee day aborsbing small molecules

fungus like protists

have thread like filaments and can absorb nutrients from their environment like fungi

plankton

no specific meaning, plankton can be protist, bacteria or an animal

phytoplankton

protists that can live in the water

seaweeds

NOT PLANTS, just protists

flagellates

protists that use flagella to move in water column, usually are small

ciliates

protists that move via cilia (made up of shorter microtubules, but are usually bigger)

amoebae

utilize amoeboid movement via pseudopodia (fake feet)