industrial revolution

James Watt

Invented a steam engine that could run machinery; used coal to power machines, allowing factories to be placed away from rivers

Henry Cort

Developed the puddling process to create a more pure iron

Enclosure Movement

Rich landowners bought and fenced off large tracts of land (formerly used as common pastures)

Factory Act of 1833

Due to findings from the Sadler Committee, this was passed to protect children and limit child labor

Factories

Required laborers to work in shifts for long hours, completing repetitive tasks, in a strict and unsafe environment

The Rocket

Railroad that traveled from Manchester to Liverpool moving 16 mph and carrying 40-tons

Industrial Middle Class

People who built factories, bought machines and developed markets (social change of IR)

Natural Resources

Things such as rivers, coal, and iron; were essential to the manufacturing process in Great Britain

Industrial Working Class

People who worked long hours, 6 days a week, in places like the coal mines or cotton mills (social change of IR)

Textile Production

First industry to experience major industrialization in England with new inventions effecting the jobs of spinners and weavers of cotton cloth

Railroads

Created jobs and cheap transportation for resources and goods

Proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production (working-class)

Positive Impacts of the Industrial Revolution

Improved and greater access to education, better forms of transportation, higher standard of living, growth of the middle class, more leisure time

Famine & Poverty

Two key factors that led to global migration & urbanization during the Industrial Revolution

Effects of Industrialization

Europe and the US experienced massive growth in population, which led to an increase in rural to urban migration

Capitalism

Free-market economy ruled by supply and demand would maximize the economic well-being of society as a whole if government let people and businesses do as they please

Negative Impacts of the Industrial Revolution

Poor working conditions, environmental pollution, rapid urbanization

Women & Children

The working conditions during the Industrial Revolution was especially difficult for these two groups of workers because they earned the lowest wages and worked in unsafe factories

Bourgeoisie

Oppressors or Owners of the means of production (would be involved in a revolution vs. factory workers)

Means of Production

Farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods

War of 1812

During this event, a blockade by Great Britain forced the US to develop its own industries, leading the way for an Industrial Revolution in America

Union

Workers united to seek labor reforms (ex. better hours, wages, conditions), often used strikes to get demands from owners; voluntary association

Laissez-faire

A policy that let owners of industry set working conditions without government interference

Karl Marx

German journalist who co-wrote The Communist Manifesto, stating a revolution was inevitable, and insisted that capitalism had to be completely overturned in order for society to advance and the "proletariat" to be treated fairly.

Cottage Industry

Producing goods at home; would eventually come to an end due to technological advances

Adam Smith

In his influential book, The Wealth of Nations, he argued that wealth distribution could work most effectively without any government interference (i.e. free-market)

Industrial Revolution

Mass production of machine-made goods that began in Great Britain in the late 1700s

Great Britain

Where the Industrial Revolution started in the 1780s

Communism

Economic system where the means of production would be owned by the "public" (gov't & later, the people). Private property would cease to exist and everything could be shared. Results from a revolution creating a classless society after the state withers away.

Agricultural Revolution

Change in farm practices such as crop rotation, new crops, and expansion of farmland which increased the food supply and population

Socialism

Economic system where society/government would control SOME means of production to end poverty and promote equality