Health Psychology

Which of the following best defines health psychology?

Understanding the psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they get ill

the term health involves

a balance among physical, mental, and social well-being

According to the psychological aspects of prevention and treatment of illness, health psychologist who work with people are already ill focus

helping them in following their treatment regimen

__ refers to the origins or causes of illness

Etiology

According to the humoral theory of illness, disease occurs when

bodily fluids are imbalanced

The biomedical model maintains that

all illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic bodily processes

The belief that profiles of particular disorders is caused by emotional conflict is propagated by the

field of psychosomatic medicine

Acute disorders are

short-term illnesses that are usually amenable to cure

Which of the following statements best defines a scientific theory

A set of analytic statements that explain a set of phenomena, such as why people practice poor health behaviors

A researcher creates two or more conditions that differ from each other in exact and predetermined ways in a(n)

experiment

In a randomized clinical trial

a target treatment is compared against an origanically inert treatment

A health psychologist measures whether a charge in one variable corresponds with changes in another variable in a ____

correlational research

__ research looks forward in time to see how a group of people change, or how a relationship between two variables changes over time

Prospective

Which of the following best describes a retrospective design?

Looking backward in time in an attempt to reconstruct the conditions that led to a current situation

The number of deaths due to a particular case is known as ___

mortality

Which of the following two branches make up the peripheral nervous system

somatic and autonomic nervous system

One of the chief functions of the kidneys is to

control the water balance in the body

Estrogen is responsible for

the development of secondary sex characteristics

The largest group of cells involved in natural immunity is known as

granulocytes

___are chemicals produced by the body that kill invading microorganisms

antimicrobial substances

Which of the following bodily systems functions as the drainage systems of the body

the lymphathic system

Which of the following blood-formatting cells produces platelets

lymphoblasts

Damage to the cerebellum is associated with

loss of muscle tone and disturbances in posture

Identify a true statement about epilepsy

It is incurable but can often be controlled through medication and behavioral interventions

the __ glands are small glands located on top of each of the kidneys

adrenal

The right atrium and right ventricle pump blood back to the lungs via the

pulmonary artery

Atherosclerosis occurs

when deposits of cholesterol form plaques that narrow the arteries

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration occurs between the

alveoli and the capillaries

The primary role of insulin is to

facilitate the entry of glucose into the bodily tissues

What digestive system disorder is characterized by watery and frequent bowl movements

diarrhea

A health habit is a health behavior that

is often performed automatically, without awareness

Self-reinforcement involves

systematically rewarding oneself to increase or decrease the occurrence of a target behavior

The most important principle in modeling is

similarity

A client gradually taking up responsibility for behavior change is an example of

using behavioral assignments

Adolescents often begin to drink or smoke to reduce their nervousness in social situations by trying to communicate a cool or sophisticated image. This behavior is usually a response to

social anxiety

___involves restricting the environment to avoid situations that evoke a target behavior

Cue elimination

In the __stage of transtheoretical model of behavior change, people are aware that they have a problem and are thinking about it but have not yet made a commitment to taking action

Contemplation

In the context of behavior change, which of the following scenarios exemplifies a perceived barrier

a family without a health insurance not getting their children vaccinated

Identify an example of social engineering

banning smoking in the workplace

Threatening messages that are designed to change health behaviors can cause __ and lead people to respond defensively

psychological distress

Most people do not perceived their risks correctly, and they view their poor health behaviors as shared by everyone. This perception is often

unrealistically optimistic

___messages are more persuasive for encouraging health behaviors, such as skin cancer prevention, smoking cessation, and physical activity

positive

According to the theory of planned behavior, behavioral intentions

are made up of attitudes toward a specific action, subjective norms regarding the action, and perceived behavioral control

After hearing her doctor’s recommendation, Jin is now trying to make healthier food choices. Which factor in the theory of planned behavior is contributing to Jin’s attempt?

Subjective norm

The rationale underlying self-motivation is that

People must understand the dimensions of a poor health habit before a change can begin

A discriminative stimulus is important because

It signals that a positive reinforcement will occur

Cognitive-behavior therapy focuses heavily on

the beliefs that people hold about their habits

Sandra is under a lot of stress at work. Which of the following most likely describes her eating habits right now?

She is more distracted by eating

Training in ___included planning skills and formation of explicit behavioral intentions, which can improve dietary adherence

self-regulation

Guided participation is used in

cognitive-behavioral intervention to modify diet

The lightest and earlier stage of sleep is marked by

theta waves

The stage of sleep marked by beta waves is important for

Consolidating memories

__In women may be tied to hormonal levels related to menopause

Sleep disorders

Children who do not get enough sleep usually display

behavioral problems

Exercise increases

cognitive funcitoning

Individuals are more likely to exercise if

they have a strong self-efficacy for exercising

People who live in low socioeconomic status neighborhoods find it difficult to exercise because they

lack safe places to exercise

What might deter women from getting regular mammograms

fear of radiation

The typical reason that people switch to a diet low in cholesterol, fats, and calories

improve appearance

What is a characteristic that many health-compromising behaviors share

there is a window of vulnerability in adolescence

Obesity is a chief cause of

disability

___is an especially potent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases

Abdominally localized fat

___is a method of enhancing the efficiency of food use and lowering the metabolic rate of the body through successive cycles of dieting and weight gain

yo-yo dieting

Binge eating is usually triggered by

negative emotions produced by stressful experiences

reduced anxiety is a

temporary effect of consuming alcohol

The first phase of treatment programs for hard-core alcoholics is

detoxification

Alcohol treatment programs are more successful with

people who are high in socioeconomic status

Evaluations of alcohol prevention programs for adolescents suggest that such programs

enhance participants sense of self-efficacy

___is the single greatest cause of preventable death in developed countries by itself and in interaction with other risk factors

smoking

Individuals who possess genes that regulate the functioning of __ are likely candidates for inheriting smoking influences

dopamine

Group interventions may not address the motives underlying smoking habits because

smoking patterns are highly individualized

Mass media has dramatically changed attitudes toward smoking because it

Provides information about health habits that discourage nonsmokers from beginning to smoke

The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of ones

Meaning of the event

The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one’s

personal resources

The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

alarm

According to Selye, the __ phase of the general adaptation syndrome occurs if the person fails to overcome the threat and depletes its physiological resources in the process of trying

Exhaustion

The primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend response is

oxytocin

What are the two main physiological systems involved in the stress response

HPA axis and sympathetic adrenomedullary

The adrenal cortex produces ___ in response to stress

Glucocorticoids

Which of the following is an example of a normal daily cortisol pattern

Cortisol levels are high upon waking and decrease during the day

__refers to the physiological costs of chronic exposure to physiological changes that results from repeated or chronic stress

allostatic load

An ___ paradigm includes bringing people into the lab, exposing them to a short term stressful event, and then observing the impact of that stress on their physiological and psychological responses

acute stress

Works who suffer from work overload ___ when compared with workings who do not experience overload

sustain more health risks

When events are perceived as harmful or threatening, they are first identified by the

cerebral cortex

“the thoughts and behaviors used to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful” best defines

coping

High negative affectivity, or neuroticism, is especially detrimental to health when combined with

social inhibition and isolation

Psychological control is the belief that

one can determine one’s own behavior, influence ones environment, and bring about desired outcomes

People vary with regard to whether they are fundamentally optimistic or pessimistic in nature. The test developed to measure this dispositional optimistm is known as the

Life orientation test

__maintains that through collaboration with family or friends, one may successfully cope with a stressful event

Collective control

When people anticipate potential stressors and act in advance is known as

proactive coping

Coping efforts are considered successful if they

reduce psychological distress

A main goal of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is to

promote committed pursuit of core values and life goals

In stress management interventions, __helps people set specific goals and learn what to ignore

time management

Dyadic coping

when romantic partners work together to manage stress