AP bio unit 2

active transport

method of transporting material that requires energy

apoptosis

programmed cell death

aquaphorin

channel protein that allows water through the membrane at a very high rate

cell membrane

plasma membrane

cell wall

protective external layer of plasma membrane in cells of plants, prokaryotes, fungi, and protists

centrioles

rod of microtubules at center of animal cell centrosome

channel protein

membrane protein, allows passing through of hollow core across plasma membrane

chloroplast

plant cell organelle that does photosynthesis

cholesterol

regulates membrane fluid in response to temp changes

common ancestry

organism sharing ancestry species from 2 or more different species

compartmentalization

division of eukaryote cells into membrane-bound organelles, with specialized functions, and different cellular processes to occur in separate environments

concentration gradient

area of high concentration next to an area of low concentration

cytoskeleton

network of protein fibers that maintain cell shape, secure organelle positions, allow cytoplasm to move within cell, and enable unicellular organisms to move independently

cytosol

gel material of cytoplasm where cell structures are suspended

diffusion

transport low molecular weight to its concentration gradient

double membrane

cellular organelle surrounded by 2 lipid bilayer membranes

endocytosis

active transport moving substances, fluids and particles into cells

endoplasmic reticulum

interconnected membrane structures within eukaryotic cells that modify proteins and synthesize lipids

endosymbiosis

relationship between 2 species where one lives inside cell or cells of another organism

endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria and plastids (chloroplasts), as prokaryotic cells are engulfed by host cell. Engulfed cell and host cell form into one organism

eukaryotic cell

membrane bound nuclues, and other membrane bound compartments or sacs

exocytosis

process of passing bulk material out of cell

extracellular

outside of the cell

facilitated diffusion

passage of molecules or ions down electrochemical gradient across membrane with assistance of transmembrane transport proteins, requires no energy

flagella

long hair structure extending from plasma membrane (moves the cell)

fluid mosaic model

describes structure of plasma membrane as a mosaic component of phospholipid, cholesterol, proteins, glycoproteins, glycolipids (sugar chains attached to proteins or lipids) resulting in fluidity

glycolipid

combo of carbohydrates and lipids, facilitate cell to cell adhesion

glycoprotein

combo of carbohydrates and proteins, allow cross linking of cells (tissue strength)

golgi complex

eukaryotic organelle from series of stacked membranes that sort, tag, and package p

heat exchange

transfer of thermal energy between different parts of an organism or organism and its environment

homeostasis

maintain equilibrium and keep consistent internal conditions

hypertonic

extracellular fluid has higher osmolarity than fluid in cell (water moves out of cell)

hypotonic

extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than fluid in cell (water moves into cell)

integral protein (transmembrane protein)

protein integrated into membrane that interacts with hydrocrabon chain of membrane lipids (can be removed by disruption of membrane by detergents)

intracellular

inside of cell

ion pump

transport ions against concentration gradient, requires ATP

isotonic

extracellular fluid has same osmolarity as fluid in cell (no net movement in or out of cell)

lysosome

membrane enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes in cytoplasm of animal cells

microscope

laboratory instrument that allows scientists to observe objects too small to be seen by the eye, magnifies an image to bend light and make object larger

mitochondria

powerhouse of the cell, responsible for cellular respiration, producing ATP, cell's main energy

necrosis

uncontrolled death of cells and living tissue by external injuries, toxins, or lack of blood flow

nuclear envelope

double membrane structure of outermost portion of nucleus

nuclear pores

small channels in nuclear membrane that facilitates directional transport of RNA and proteins between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm of cell

nucleus

cell organelle that houses cell's DNA and directs synthesis of ribosomes and proteins

organelle

compartment or sac within a cell

osmolarity

total amount of solutes dissolved in a specific amount of a solution concentration

osmoregulation

regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by cell or organism

osmosis

transport of water through semi permeable membrane due to concentration gradient of water across membrane resulting from the presence of solute that can't pass through the membrane

passive transport

method of transporting material through membrane that doesn't require energy

peripheral protein

protein found at the surface of plasma membrane on exterior or interior side

phagocytosis

form of endocytosis involves intake of large particles (microorganisms or dead cells) from the extracellular fluid

phospholipid bilayer

double layer of phospholipid molecules forming from primary structure of cell membrane, hydrophobic tails of phospholipid face inwards, hydrophilic face outwards, create a barrier that separates the cell's interior from external environment

pinocytosis

form of endocytosis that involves intake of solutes and fluid from extracellular fluid

plasmodesmata

channel passing between cell walls of adjacent plant cells, connect cytoplasm and allows materials to be transported from cell to cell

plasmolysis

detaching of cell membrane from cell wall and constriction of cell membrane when plant cell is in a hypertonic solution

pressure potential

component of water potential consisting of physical pressure on a solution (positive, negative, or zero)

prokaryotic cell

cell lacking nucleus and other membrane bound organelles

ribosome

cellular structure carries out protein synthesis, composed of RNA

rough ER

region of endoplasmic reticulum that's studded with ribosomes and engages in protein modification and phospholipid synthesis

SA:V ratio

mathematical calculation of a cell's surface area divided by its volume

selectively permeable

characteristic of membrane that allows some substances through but not others (semi-permeable)

smooth ER

region of endoplasmic reticulum that has few or no ribosomes on cytoplasm surface and synthesizes carbohydrates, lipids, steroid hormones (detoxify chemcials and stores calcium ions)

sodium potassium pump

membrane protein using ATP to move sodium ions out of cell and potassium ions into cell against concentration gradients

solute potential

component of water potential that is proportional to molarity of solution measuring the effect of solutes on direction of water movement (zero or negative)

subcellular components

individual structures within a cell, (organelles), perform specific functions

tonicity

amount of solute in a solution

turgor pressure

force directed against plant cell wall after influx of water and swelling of cell due to osmosis

vacuole

membrane bound sac (larger than a vesicle) (cellular storage and transport)

vesicle

small membrane bound sac that functions in cellular storage and transport, membrane is capable with fusing with plasma membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus

water potential

potential energy of water solution per unit volume in relation to pure water at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature