Chapter 6- 1-7 chpMidterms Health

Three Major Types of Ownership

Public, Voluntary or community and Proprietary

Public

the oldest type of hospitals and are owned by the federal, state, or local government.

Voluntary or Community

are privately owned and nonprofit (mainly community finance)

Proprietary

owned hospitals are for profit institutions and are owned by corporations, individuals or partnerships

Types of Hospitals

General and Specialty

General

provides many different types of services to meet the general needs of its population

Specialty

provides services for a specific disease or target population

IOM Quality in health Care encompasses six dimensions

• Safety

• Patient Centeredness

• Efficiency, Effectiveness

• Equity(Same care, treated the same and same access)

• and Timeliness(done in a timely manner)

Inpatient Services

are services that involve an overnight stay of a patient, as defined by Medicare, are when the patient is admitted to the hospitals based on a doctor’s order to treat illness or injury.

Inpatient Services Example

Hospitals were built mainly for inpatient services

Outpatient services

also known as Ambulatory care services is services that do not require an overnight stay. Medicare defines outpatient hospital services as emergency or observation services that may include an overnight stay in the hospital. Include same-day surgery, laboratory tests billed by the hospital.

Outpatient Services Examples

Physician Offices, Hospital-Based Outpatient Clinics, Urgent/Emergent Care Centers, Ambulatory Surgery Centers, Health Centers, Home Health Agencies and Employee Assistance programs

Voluntary Hospitals

are privately owned and non-profit. Mainly Community Finances

Hospitalists

are providers who focus specifically on the care of patients when they are hospitalized.  

Acute Hospitals

focus on patients who stay an average of less than 30 days

Long term/ chronic hospitals

focus on patients who stay an average of more than 30 days.

Osteopathic Hospitals

focus on holistic/preventive approaches to care. Emphasis on diet and environmental factors.

Ambulatory Surgery Centers

are for surgeries that do not require an overnight stay

Respite Care

are temporary care programs were established in the 1970s to provide systematic relief to caregivers who need a break. Typically 14 to 21 days per year

Hospice care

Provides care for patients who have a life-threatening illness and provides comfort for the patient’s family.

Doctors without borders

is an international medical organization that provides quality medical care to individuals threatened by violence, catastrophe, lack of health care, natural disasters, epidemics, or wars in 60 countries.

Telemedicine

uses electronic information and telecommunication technologies to support long distance clinical health care, patient and professional health-related education

 

What is population health?

Focuses on the study of health outcomes of designated groups and the influences of their health outcome by the social determinants of health.

Geographic, patient type or disease type

Examples of social determinates

• Economic stability,

• Education,

• health care,

• neighborhood and built environment,

• Social environment,

• physical environment

 

•Economic stability:

Employment, income, and economic policies

•Education:

Access to quality education, early childhood development, and high school graduation

• Health care:

Access to health services, primary care, and health literacy

•Neighborhood and built environment:

Safe housing, transportation, access to nutritious food, and physical activity opportunities

•Social environment:

Racism, discrimination, violence, social norms, and social policies

•Physical environment:

Polluted air and water

•Other:

Language and literacy skills, health-related knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, or behaviors

What is the CDC’s 6/18 Initiative?

It’s the collaboration with healthcare providers, health departments and insurance companies to provide value based initiatives to improve health outcomes of targeted populations through different primary prevention interventions. Focused on six high-priority interventions including: Preventing pregnancy, controlling high blood pressure, reducing tobacco use, controlling asthma, improving antibiotic use and preventing type 2 diabetes.

What is the CDC HI-5 Interventions?

CDC identified 20 issues in the community, This initiative is a nonclinical approach to population health to improve health impacts over 5 years. Example: Obesity. Infant mortality, Motor Vehicle Injuries, Blood pressure, Child abuse and neglect

Public health Marketing

involves creating, communicating, and delivering health information and interventions using customer-oriented and science-based strategies to protect and promote health in diverse populations. It also adds science-based health strategies of promotion and prevention. It also is an innovative approach to public health pratice.

Incident Command system

is used by police, fire and emergency management agencies. It eliminates many communication problems, spans of control, organizational structures, and differences in terminology when multiple agencies respond to an emergency event

Public health emergency preparedness

is a term used for planning protocols that are in place to manage a large scale event such as: A natural disaster, massive flooding, chemical or oil spills, manmade disasters such as the boston marathon bombing in 2013 or the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001

Determinants of health

health have several determinants or influences that impact the status of an individual’s health.

Epidemiology

is the study of disease distribution and patterns among populations

Epidemiologist

identify three major risk factor categories for disease, called epidemiological triangle, Host which is the population that has the disease, Agent or Organism which is causing the disease and environment where the disease is occurring.

Charles Winslow

public health was defined by him in 1920s as the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for sanitation of the environment, control of the community infections and education of individuals regarding hygiene to ensure a standard of living for health maintenance.

Dr John Snow

connected contaminated water and disease

Lemuel Shattuck

created public health infrastructure

Edwin Chadwick

connected unsanitary working conditions and disease

Core public health Functions

Assessment, Policy development and Assurance

Health Preventions

Primary-immunization and cessions of smoking, secondary, early disease detections-blood pressure screening, tertiary- rehabilitate and monitor individuals during disease progression. Quaternary- unnecessary medicine

Local Deparemnts Role

• Provide the most direct services

• 90% of local health departments provide immunization to adults and children

• 90% offer communicable/infectious disease surveillance

• 80% offer tuberculosis screening and 75% offer tuberculosis treatment

State Dpt role

• Vital statistics collected included deaths, births, marriages, and health and disease statuses of the populations

• Serve as basic funding

• licensing of health professionals

• inspect and license healthcare facilities

Federal dpt role

• Provide major funding and resources

• set national health policies

• national surveillance

• research