UNIT 2 KBATS (ap hug)

demography

the scientific study of population characteristics

demographic transition model (DTM)

a 5-stage model that shows how a country’s birth/death rates and population change growth changes overtime

ecumene

portion of Earth’s surface occupied by a permanent settlement

arithmetic density

number of people / total area of land

physiological density

total number of people / total area of farmable land

agricultural density

number of farmers and their families / total amount of farmable land

crude birth rate (CBR)

total number of live births per year for every 1000 people alive

crude death rate (CDR)

total number of deaths per year for every 1000 people alive

natural increase rate (NIR/RNI)

percentage of growth in a population per year calculated as the CBR minus CDR

doubling time (& rule of 70)

number of years needed to double a population, to find amount of years: 70 / NIR

total fertility rate (TFR)

average number of children a woman will have during her child bearing years

infant mortality rate (IMR)

total number of infant 1yrs and under deaths in a year per every 1000 live births

life expectancy

average number of years someone will live given the current social, economic, and medical conditions

carrying capacity

maximum population an environment can support without degrading the natural resources

agricultural revolution

the time when humans started domesticating plants and animals instead of hunting and gathering

industrial revolution

series of improvements in industrial tech that changed the process of manufacturing goods

medical revolution

medical tech invented in Europe/North America diffused to poorer countries, eliminating many traditional causes of death, letting people live longer

zero population growth (ZPG)

decline in total fertility rate so that the natural increase rate is zero or close to zero

population pyramid

bar graph that represents distribution of population by gender and age

dependency ratio

number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to number of people in the active labor force

elderly support ratio

number of working-age people (15-64) / people age 65 or older

pro/anti natalism

people who support/don’t support people having more babies

sex ratio

number of males per 100 females

Thomas Malthus/Neo-Malthusians

a guy who theorized that population growth will eventually outpace food production or people who don’t support Malthus’s theory

epidemiological transition model (ETM)

a model that shows the process of change in distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

pandemic

a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a high proportion of people

migration

form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location

emigration vs immigration

moving away from a country vs moving into a country

net migration

difference between number of immigrants and number of emigrants

circulation

constant, short-term repetitive movement by a person

push factor

factor that makes people move out of their current home

pull factor

factor that makes people move to a new location

refugee

someone who was forced to move out of their country and cannot go back in fear of persecution due to race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political stand

intervening obstacle

environmental/cultural feature of landscape that hinders migration

international migration

permanent move from one country to another

voluntary migration

implies that the migrant has chosen to move for economic improvements

forced migration

migrant was compelled to move by cultural factors

internal migration

permanent movement within a particular country

interregional migration

movement from one region of a country to another region

intraregional migration

movement within a region

migration transition model

change in migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social + economic changes that also makes the DTM

chain migration

migration of people to a specific location

quotas

reference to migration, law that places a maximum limit of people that can immigrate to a country each year

brain drain

large-scale emigration by talented people

guest workers

term once used for workers who migrate to the developed countries of Northern/Western Europe, often from Southern/Eastern Europe or North Africa, looking for better jobs

nativism

policy of favoring native people rather than immigrants

counter-urbanization

net migration from urban to rural areas in MDCs

remittances

transfer of money by workers to family from their home country