Sociology Exam 2

culture

systems of beliefs and shared values that shape individual behavior and attitudes. it includes language, customs, rituals, and other forms of widely shared meaning

material culture

tangible parts of culture, clothing, art, decor

habitus

the ways in which individuals develop their understandings and engrained habits reflecting their upbringing and class

cultural capital

the type and level of education or cultural knowledge possessed by an individual

attention merchants

firms, business models, or platforms that there main goal is to capture your attention

sub culture

a distinct group of people with shared, unique values, language, meaning, and customs that exist alongside mainstream culture

culture wars

disagreements about the proper role of family and religious values in a society

cultural relativism

the idea that cultural meanings and practices must be evaluated in their own social context

ethnocentrism

the inability to understand, accept, or reference patterns of behavior or beliefs different from one’s own, usually with the belief that one culture is better than the others

social structures

the external forces, notably, social hierarchies, norms, and institutions that provide the context for individual and group action

institutions

family, religion, education, systems, and structures built around well established rules and norms

institutionalizationizm

the process by which, beliefs, norms, rules, and ideas become embedded and widely accepted in society or an organization.

deinstitutionalization

in marriage, refers to the way the beliefs and norms around a traditional marriage have changed.

path dependency

The process by which the historical legacies and outcomes of the past impact actors and organizations in the present, making some choices or outcomes appear logical and others illogical. (QWERTY)

blocked mobility

structural and systemic barriers that prevent individuals (likely from a lower class) to move upward on the social and economic ladder regardless of their talent or hard work.

meritocracy

A system where rewards and positions are distributed by ability, not social background or personal connections.

closure theory

A theory of social inequality that emphasizes the ways in which groups maintain a monopoly of opportunities or rewards by limiting or excluding others.

credentialism

the over reliance on formal education “statuses”, diplomas, qualifications, as primary proof of ones competence (say rather than experience or suitability)

counterculture

A group whose ideas, attitudes, and behaviors are in direct conflict with mainstream culture.

social mobility

a measure of the extent to which parents and their children have similar or different social and economic positions in adulthood.

scopic capitalism

economic value is generated and extracted primarily through the consumption, regulation, and circulation of visual images

second shift

refer to housework, childcare, and elder care disproportionally done by women. The first shift refers to one’s paid job, whereas the second shift refers to the all the labor needed to keep households going,

concerted cultivation

A strategy for rearing children in which emphasis is placed on providing exposure to a wide range of learning opportunities to give them advantages in the educational system. used by middle class and upward families usually.