CH. 12: Mendel, Genes, Inheritance

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22 Terms

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Blending Theory of Inheritance

  • Hereditary traits blend evenly (NOT true)

  • If this was true, then extremes would eventually be blended out (ex. everyone would just be average height at some point)


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Character

Heritable attribute / property

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Self Fertilize

Pollen sperm cells and eggs on the same plant

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True Breeding

Traits passed to the next generation that remains unchanged

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Reciprocal Cross

2 parents switched in respect to which trait is associated with each sex

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P Generation

The parents used in an initial genetic cross

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F1 Generation

First generation of offspring from a genetic cross

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Alleles

Different versions of a gene

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Gene Markers

  • Alleles of genes

  • Distinguishable phenotypes


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DNA Markers

Site or region in the gene that is polymorphic

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PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION

Each organism has 2 alleles (gene versions) of each trait and these 2 alleles sperate (segregate) during the formation of gametes (sperm and egg cells)

  • each gamete only receives ONE allele per trait


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Product Rule

  • Used when the outcome of tosses / events are INDEPENDENT

  • Probabilities multiplied


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Sum Rule

  • When there are more than 2 ways of getting the same outcomes

  • Probabilities added


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PRINCIPLE OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT

  • The alleles of different genes segreate / sort into gametes INDEPENDENTELY

  • The allele of one gene DOESN’T affect which allele you get for another gene


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CHROMOSOME THEORY OF INHERITANCE

Genes and alleles are carried on the chromosome

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Locus

Site on chromosome where the gene is located

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Incomplete Dominance

  • Neither allele completely dominant over the other

  • Heterozygous individuals show blend between phenotypes

  • ex. When a white flower and red flower cross to make a pink flower


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Codominance

2 different alleles of the same gene are equally expressed (NOT blended)

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Epistasis


  • Expression of one gene modified, masked, or suppressed by the expression of one or more genes

  • Determines susceptibility to diseases (ex. insulin resistance)


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Polygenic Inheritance

Multiple genes contribute to the same character

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Quantitative Traits

  • Continuous distribution of phenotypes

  • Modifies by environment

  • ex. skin color, body weight


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Pleiotropy

Single genes that affect more than one character of an organism