bio 202 - chapter 9 cellular resp. and fermentation

acetyl CoA

entry compound for citric acid cycle, 2 carbon fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

aerobic respiration

catabolic pathway that produces ATP, O2 is the final electron acceptor

anaerobic respiration

catabolic pathway, breaks down glucose to for ATP without O2

fermentation

catabolic pathway, make ATP from organic molecules without O2 and electron transport chain

alcohol fermention

reduce pyruvate into ethyl alcohol, produces ATP, CO2, and regenerates NAD+

lactic acid fermentation

reduce pyruvate into lactate, produces ATP, CO2, and regenerates NAD+

ATP synthase

uses the proton gradient to form ATP, in the mitochondrial membranes for eukaryotes, plasma membrane for prokaryotes

chemiosmosis

movement of ions down their gradient produces energy to drive cellular work

beta oxidation

breaks fatty acids down to 2-carbon fragments that enter Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA

cellular respiration

produce ATP by breaking down organic molecules and use of electron transport chain

citric acid cycle

completes the breakdown of glucose for cellular respiration

cytochrome

iron containing protein that is a component of the electron transport chain, found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts

electron transport chain

sequence of membrane proteins that shuffle electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy to make ATP

faculative anaerobe

organism that can make ATP via aerobic and anaerobic

glycolysis

break glucose into pyruvate for cellular respiration

NAD+

electron acceptor that becomes NADH

NADH

electron donor, temporarily stores electrons during respiration

obligate anaerobe

strictly uses anaerobic respiration, cannot use oxygen

oxidative phosphorylation

production of ATP using energy from the electron transport chain, final stage of cellular respiration

proton motive force

potential energy stored in the proton gradient

substrate level phosphorylation

production of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP, uses enzymes