General Education: Social Studies Comprehensive Review

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering Philippine history, governance, colonization, revolutions, presidential administrations, political science, economics, and sociology from the FTRC General Education lecture notes.

Land Bridge Theory

The geographical theory positing that the Philippines was once connected to mainland Asia via land bridges.

Volcanic Origin Theory

The geological theory proposed by Dr. Bailey Willis stating that the Philippine archipelago was formed through volcanic eruptions.

Dr. Bailey Willis

The primary proponent of the Volcanic Origin Theory regarding the formation of the Philippines.

Legend of Mu or Lemuria

The legend proposed by James Churchward stating that the Philippines and Indonesia were remnants of a lost Pacific continent.

James Churchward

The proponent of the Legend of Mu or Lemuria regarding the prehistoric origins of Pacific islands.

Legend of Manaul

A Filipino mythological creation account involving the gods Kaptan and Magauayan in the creation of land, and a mythical bird that found humanity in bamboo.

Sikalak and Sibkahay

The first man and woman in Philippine folklore who emerged from a split bamboo stalk found by the bird Manaul.

Continental Drift Theory

The geological theory proposed by Alfred Wegener stating that the continents were once joined as a single supercontinent known as Pangaea.

Alfred Wegener

The scientist who proposed the Continental Drift Theory.

Migration Theory

The theory formulated by Henry Otley Beyer explaining Philippine settlement through successive waves of migration.

Henry Otley Beyer

The anthropologist who formulated the Waves of Migration Theory for the populating of the Philippines.

DAIM

The mnemonic representing the sequence of migratory groups in Beyer's Migration Theory: Dawnmen, Aetas or Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays.

Felipe Landa Jocano

The Philippine anthropologist who challenged Beyer's Migration Theory, utilizing Darwinian evolution theory and the Tabon Man fossil evidence.

Tabon Man

Prehistoric human remains discovered in Palawan by Robert Fox and Manuel Santiago, used by Felipe Landa Jocano to dispute Beyer's Migration Theory.

Barangay

The decentralized pre-colonial political and socio-economic unit in the Philippines led by a Datu.

Datu

The pre-colonial community ruler who held unified executive, legislative, and judicial powers, documented as men in the Boxer Codex.

Trial by Ordeal

The judicial method in pre-colonial Philippines involving physical torture or severe physical challenges to determine an accused person's guilt or innocence.

Barter System

The pre-colonial Philippine economic system based on the direct exchange of goods such as gold, salt, and rice without paper currency.

Boxer Codex

An illustrated Spanish manuscript providing historical descriptions of early Filipinos and documenting that the pre-colonial Datu were men.

Baybayin

The indigenous writing system of pre-colonial Filipinos, often alternatively identified as Alibata.

European 3Gs

The three primary motives for European exploration and colonial expansion: God, Gold, and Glory.

5 Ships of Magellan

The fleet of Ferdinand Magellan consisting of Trinidad, Concepcion, Santiago, San Antonio (San antio), and Victoria (mnemonic: TriConSanSan Vic).

FADE

The mnemonic for notable figures who accompanied Ferdinand Magellan: Fr. Pedro de Valderrama, Antonio Pigafetta, Duarte de Barbosa, and Enrique of Malacca.

Juan Sebastian Delcano

The Spanish navigator who completed the first recorded circumnavigation of the globe as captain of the Victoria after Magellan's death.

March 16, 1521

The historical date Ferdinand Magellan first reached the Philippines, making landfall at Samar.

Rajah Kolambu

The local chieftain who entered into a blood compact with Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.

First Mass in the Philippines

The inaugural Catholic Eucharistic celebration held on March 31, 1521, at Mazaua or Limasawa, Leyte.

MaLoCaSavi

The mnemonic for the chronological order of Spanish expeditions to the Philippines: Magellan, Loaysa, Cabot, Saavedra, and Villalobos.

Miguel Lopez de Legaspi

The first Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines who established colonial settlements beginning in 1565.

Diego de los Rios

The last Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines.

Sikatuna

The Boholano chieftain who participated in a famous blood compact with Spanish Governor-General Miguel Lopez de Legaspi.

Rajah Tupas of Cebu

The local ruler of Cebu who concluded a Treaty of Friendship with Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in 1565.

Reduccion Plan

The Spanish colonial resettlement policy authored by Fr. Juan de Plasencia that centralized native populations to live near the Catholic church.

Cabeceras

The designated town centers under the Spanish colonial administrative structure.

Governor-General

The official colonial representative of the King of Spain in the Philippines possessing centralized authority.

Cumplase

The executive prerogative of the Spanish Governor-General permitting the suspension or veto of royal decrees.

Royal Audiencia

The supreme judicial body and high court that served as a consultative council and institutional check on the Spanish Governor-General.

Residencia

The judicial investigation and accountability review conducted at the end of a Spanish colonial official's term of office.

Visitador General

A royal investigator sent by the Spanish Crown to conduct surprise audits and investigations into colonial administration.

Cedula

The identification certificate and head tax replacing the colonial tribute, surviving in modern times as the Community Tax.

Falla

The fee paid to obtain exemption from polo y servicio (compulsory forced labor) during the Spanish colonial era.

Bandala System

The Spanish colonial economic system mandating the compulsory sale of farmers' agricultural products at set minimum prices.

Galleon Trade

The Spanish trans-Pacific trade route operating between Manila, Philippines, and Acapulco, Mexico.

Tobacco Monopoly

The Spanish government monopoly on tobacco cultivation and commerce established by Governor-General Jose Basco y Vargas.

Jose Basco y Vargas

The Spanish Governor-General who instituted the Tobacco Monopoly in the Philippines.

Early Missionaries Order

The sequence of Catholic religious orders arriving in the Philippines: Augustinians, Franciscans, Jesuits, Dominicans, Recollects, and Benedictines (mnemonic: 'All Farmers Jumped Down the River Banks').

Fr. Manuel Blanco

The Augustinian friar and author of 'Flora de Filipinas' identified as the first scientist in the Philippines.

University of Santo Tomas (UST)

The oldest existing university in the Philippines and in Asia.

College of San Ignacio

The oldest college for boys established in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period.

College of Santa Potenciana

The oldest college for girls established in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period.

Lakandula and Sulayman

The pre-colonial rulers and kings of Tondo and Manila who resisted early Spanish colonial rule.

Magalat's Revolt

An early uprising against Spanish colonial rule staged by the people of Cagayan.

Sumoroy's Rebellion

A 1649–1650 anti-Spanish insurrection initiated by the people of Palapag, Samar, led by Agustin Sumoroy.

Maniago's Revolt

The 1660 uprising caused by forced labor recruitment of Pampangos and uncompensated rice levies.

Diego Silang's Revolt

The 1762–1763 Ilocano revolt initiated in Vigan primarily over excessive tribute and Spanish abuses.

Gabriela Silang

The wife of Diego Silang who continued his revolt following his death, known as the 'Joan of Arc of Ilocandia'.

Teresa Magbanua

A female revolutionary military commander known as the 'Visayan Joan of Arc'.

Agueda Kahabagan

A female general in the Philippine Revolution known as the 'Tagalog Joan of Arc'.

Palaris Revolt

A revolt in Pangasinan against abusive colonial officials originating from Binalatongan.

Basi Revolt

The 1807 uprising in Ilocos caused by the Spanish expropriation and monopoly over locally produced sugarcane wine (basi).

Tamblot's Revolt

A religious rebellion led by a native babaylan against Spanish Catholic dominance, organized by the people of Bohol.

Bankaw's Revolt

A religious rebellion against Spanish Catholicism led by the aged chieftain Bankaw among the people of Limasawa.

Tapar's Revolt

A religious uprising led by Tapar against a Catholic friar in Oton, Panay.

Dagohoy's Revolt

The longest continuous rebellion in Philippine history, lasting for 85 years in Bohol.

Revolt of Hermano Pule

A religious uprising led by Apolinario de la Cruz after his Cofradia de San Jose was banned by Spanish authorities.

Cavite Mutiny

An uprising by Filipino military personnel at Fort San Felipe that took place on February 17, 1872, leading to the execution of GOMBURZA.

Propaganda Movement

A reform and political movement established by the Ilustrados advocating for the peaceful assimilation of the Philippines as a Spanish province.

La Solidaridad

The official fortnightly reformist newspaper of the Propaganda Movement in Spain, edited by Marcelo H. del Pilar.

Diariong Tagalog

A nationalistic bilingual newspaper founded and written by Marcelo H. del Pilar.

Triumvirate of Propaganda

The three prominent leaders of the Propaganda Movement: Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Marcelo H. del Pilar.

La Liga Filipina

A progressive civic organization founded in Manila by Jose Rizal on July 3, 1892.

KKK (Katipunan)

The secret revolutionary society founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892, whose primary objective was revolution.

Presidents of the Katipunan

The three successive Supreme Presidents of the KKK: 1st Deodato Arellano, 2nd Roman Basa, and 3rd Andres Bonifacio.

Kalayaan

The official newspaper and publication of the Katipunan revolutionary society.

Father of the Philippine Revolution

The honorific title conferred upon the Supremo of the Katipunan, Andres Bonifacio.

El Verdadero Decalogo

The moral and political code associated in the lecture notes with Andres Bonifacio (authored historically by Apolinario Mabini).

Brain of the Revolution

The title given to Apolinario Mabini for his role as primary advisor and theoretician of the Philippine Revolutionary Government.

Brain of the Katipunan

The title given to Emilio Jacinto, author of the Kartilya ng Katipunan.

Lakambini ng Katipunan

The honorary title given to Gregoria de Jesus, the wife of Andres Bonifacio and custodian of KKK documents.

KKK Membership Tiers

The three hierarchical grades of the Katipunan: Katipon (Katipun), Kawal, and Bayani.

August 23, 1896

The date of the Cry of Pugad Lawin marking the beginning of the Philippine Revolution against Spain.

March 22, 1897

The date of the Tejeros Convention which replaced the Katipunan with an insurgent revolutionary government.

May 10, 1897

The date of the execution of the Bonifacio brothers (Andres and Procopio) in Maragondon, Cavite.

Pact of Biak-na-Bato

The peace truce concluded on December 14, 1897, between Spanish colonial forces and Filipino revolutionaries led by Emilio Aguinaldo.

Mock Battle of Manila

The staged engagement on August 13, 1898, between Spanish and American forces to surrender Manila while excluding Filipino troops.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

The accord signed on December 10, 1898, in which Spain formally ceded the Philippines to the United States for 20 million dollars.

Benevolent Assimilation

The proclamation issued on December 21, 1898, by US President William McKinley declaring American sovereignty over the Philippines.

Malolos Constitution

The foundational charter of the First Philippine Republic, drafted on January 21, 1899, and inaugurated on January 23, 1899.

Philippine-American War

The conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States lasting from February 4, 1899, until its formal conclusion on July 4, 1902.

MCC

The mnemonic representing the sequence of American colonial governments in the Philippines: Military, Civil, and Commonwealth.

Wesley Merritt and Arthur MacArthur

The respective first and last American Military Governors of the Philippines.

William Howard Taft and Frank Murphy

The respective first and last American Civil Governors of the Philippines.

Cooper Act

The Philippine Organic Act of 1902 (noted as 'Copper Act') that authorized the creation of the bicameral Philippine Assembly.

Laws Suppressing Filipino Nationalism

American colonial enactments designed to curb dissent, consisting of the Flag Law, Sedition Law, and Brigandage Act.

Federal Party

The first recognized political party organized in the Philippines during the American colonial administration.

Gabaldon Act

The first major legislation passed by the Philippine Assembly, which allocated funds for the construction of public elementary school buildings.

Filipinization

The policy of gradually replacing American colonial officials and bureaucrats with qualified Filipinos.

Jones Law

The Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916 which created a fully elected bicameral Philippine Legislature.

Cabinet Crisis of 1923

The mass resignation of Filipino department secretaries and legislative leaders under Governor-General Leonard Wood.

Thomasites

The group of roughly 500 American teachers who arrived in 1901 aboard the USS Thomas to establish the Philippine public school system.