week 1 (lipids)

lipids, triglycerides, cholesterol, diabetes, fatty acids, fatty acid metabolism

the structure of all “sterol” molecules is based off of what molecule?

cholesterol

do fat soluble or water soluble vitamins last longer in the body?

fat soluble

what five compounds can be made from lipids?

Fats, waxes, sterols, fat soluble vitamins, phospholipids

what vitamins are fat soluble?

A, D, E, K

What are triglycerides made up of?

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol

what does “Fatty” mean?

mostly hydrocarbon

most unsaturated fats are a _____ at room temperature

liquid

most saturated fats are a _____ at room temperature

solid

unsaturation causes “kinks” in the tails of fatty acids which increases _____ when packed tightly together

fluidity

what is the structure of a phospholipid?

2 fatty acids, 1 glycerol, 1 phosphate group

sterols have ____ carbon rings

4

cholesterol is the chemical precursor to all ______

steroids

what are the functions of cholesterol?

cell membrane fluidity, electrical insulation, chemical precursor to bile acids, waterproofing

how do we obtain cholesterol? Is it made or is it consumed?

both

primary bile acids are produced by the ____ from ____

liver, cholesterol

what is the functional role of bile acids with respect to lipids?

cuts through oils and fats like soap making them more water soluble and able to pull lipids back into the bloodstream

Bile acids hang out in the ____

small intestine

most bile acids are recycled and end up back at the _____

liver

what are lipoproteins

a protein backpack full of lipids/cholesterol

what are the 2 major lipoproteins

LDL and HDL

Why are lipoproteins important?

protein backpack is water-soluble and can transport hydrophobic lipids through the bloodstream

what does LDL do?

moves cholesterol from the liver to other parts of the body for storage

what does HDL do?

moves cholesterol from storage places around the body back to the liver for metabolism

as the density of a lipoprotein increases, its size _____

decreases

the largest and most transient form of lipoprotein is a _____

chylomicron

chylomicrons are mostly what type of lipid?

triglyceride

HDL is mostly what kind of lipid?

Apolipoprotein

what is different for every lipoprotein?

size, density, composition, name

what does VLDL stand for?

very low density lipoprotein

what does IDL stand for?

intermediate density lipoprotein

what two apolipoproteins are the main creators of HDL and are considered anti-atherosclerotic “cholesterol scavengers”

apo(a) and apo( c)

what apolipoprotein creates LDL and is considered atherosclerotic “cholesterol spreader”

apo (b)

the enzyme _____ carries out lipolysis. it is made by the _____ and is forced into _______

lipase, pancreas, bile ducts

Acetyl CoA has ____ carbons

2

what does beta oxidation do to fatty acids?

chops them up into groups of 2 carbons X3 per fatty acid

what four conditions have increased serum cholesterol?

hypothyroidism, uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, biliary obstruction, familial hyperlipidemias

why does hypothyroidism lead to increased serum cholesterol?

T3 and T4 which are in insufficient quantities in hypothyroidism are what normally down regulate cholesterol

why does uncontrolled diabetes mellitus have increased serum cholesterol?

RBC’s think they are starving due to decreased permeability to glucose from lack of insulin and signal the breakdown of fatty acids to create more glucose

why are biliary obstructions correlated with increased serum cholesterol?

liver is unable to release bile acids

Triglyceride testing is usually preformed via an ___________ _________ ___________ reaction where the resulting liquid turns a shade of ______

enzymatic colorimetric endpoint, pink

total cholesterol testing is done via an ________ __________ _________ reaction which is best measured at a wavelength of _______ nm

enzymatic colorimetric endpoint, 505/694

HDL cholesterol testing is done via an _______ _______ _______ reaction, where an accelerator is required to first destroy any non-HDL particles. Then a _____ is used to bust open HDL and set free all the cholesterol inside. Then any ______ is turned into cholesterol and all cholesterol is turned a _____ color

enzymatic colorimetric endpoint, detergent, cholesterol esterase, pink

What is the Friedwald equation that we use to calculate LDL?

LDL cholesterol = Total cholesterol- HDL cholesterol - (Triglycerides/5)

when can the Friedwald equation be used to calculate LDL?

when triglyceride levels are less than 400

What is the NIH equation? When can it be used to calculate LDL?

a more accurate way of calculating LDL when triglycerides are below 800

Lp(a) and Apolipoprotein B levels are used to assess ____ health

cardiovascular

what are the non-genetic causes of hyperlipidemia?

medications, alcohol, diabetes mellitus, hypothyroidism, chronic renal failure, hepatitis

What are the problems associated with hypertriglyceridemia?

pro-inflammatory, Pro-coagulant, can cause acute pancreatitis

what causes pancreatitis?

pancreatic enzymes can’t get out of the pancreas and chew it up

what is the main symptom of pancreatitis?

abdominal pain

how do statins work?

enzyme inhibitors that prevent Acetyl CoA from being reduced to cholesterol