Biology Exam 2

A phylogeny is

a way of visualizing the relationship between organisms

Binomial Nomenclature

Naming system with two parts: 1st: genus, 2nd: specific epithet

List the order of classification groups from most to least inclusive

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species

Taxa that form a clade can also be referred to as a _______ group

monophyletic

What is an example of homology

the backbone of a cat and the backbone of a human

Glass lizards are closely related to other lizard species, which typically have 4 limbs, but glass lizards have no limbs. In this example no limbs is

a derived character trait

What is the different data that can be used to construct a phylogeny?

Morphological (physical characteristics)

Genetics

Developmental

Biochemistry (protein structure)

Homology

Character similarities due to shared ancestry (morphology or DNA)

Analogy

Similarity due to convergent ancestry (streamlined body in marine animals)

Clade

Species that includes ancestral species and all descendants

Monophyletic

Consists of the ancestor species and all descendants

Paraphyletic

Consists of ancestral species and some (not all) descendants

Polyphyletic

Distantly related species, but not most recent common ancestor

Prokaryotes reproduce asexually via

Binary fission

A gram-positive bacteria would

stain violet

The prokaryotic organisms most likely to be found living in hot springs are the _____.

Thermophiles

What is a benefit that humans receive from prokaryotes?

Oxygen, decomposition of dead organic matter and bioremediation

A sign on the beach states “beaches closed due to red tide”. The protist responsible for this is a

dinoflagellate

All protists belong to

domain eukaryote

Autotrophic protist that float near the surface of water and are the base of aquatic food chains are called __________.

Phytoplankton

In the life cycle of Plasmodium the mosquito acts as a

vector that carries the pathogen

The group of protists most closely related to land plants is _____.

charophytes

What characteristics can be used to classify bacteria?

Shape, gram negative/positive, mode of nutrition and genetics

How does binary fission differ from mitosis?

Binary fission is a simple cell-division process used by prokaryotes while mitosis is a multi-step nuclear division process used only by eukaryotes

Plasmid

A DNA molecule that exists separately from the main chromosome that can replicate independently (most commonly in bacteria)

Transformation

cell takes up and incorporates foreign DNA from surroundings

Transduction

Movement between bacteria by phages

Conjunction

genetic material is transferred between PC

Why don’t protists fit into a kingdom?

They do not form a monophyletic group; there is no one descendant they’re linked to

What are characteristics of a protist?

Eukaryotes, unicellular, most nutritionally diverse, mostly asexual, some sexual reproduction

Excavata

Cytoskeleton; “excavated”, feeding groove on body, flagella

Example: contaminated water, STDs

SAR

Photosynthetic

Examples: diatoms, golden/brown algae, dinoflagellates

Archaeplastida

Plants

Example: red, green algae

Unikonta

Animals and fungi; simplistic animals

Examples: slime molds, entamoebas

What are the challenges of terrestrial life for plants?

Access to water and minerals, support against gravity and gas exchange

What are the benefits of terrestrial life for plants?

Abundant sunlight, soil minerals, CO2 and no predators or pathogens

What are the similarities between plants and green algae

Flagellated sperm (early land plants), sporopollenin (prevents spores from drying out), reproduces sexually and asexually, chloroplasts

What are the differences between plants and green algae?

Plants: Alternation of generations, diploid dominant, multicellular, three vascular tissues, 2 seeds, tissues and organs

What is the first step of plant evolution

Ancestral green algae → 1. origin of first terrestrial adaptations (bryophytes)

What is the second step of plant evolution

origin of vascular tissue (seedless vascular plants)

what is the third part of plant evolution

origin of seeds (gymnosperms)

what is the fourth part of plant evolution

origin of flowers (angiosperms)

What is alternation of generations?

a life cycle in which organisms alternate between a haploid gametophyte stage and a diploid sporophyte stage, combining sexual and asexual reproduction.

Example of a bryophyte

Liverworts, mosses and hornworts

Give an example of Seedless vascular plants

ferns, club mosses and horsetails

Give an example of gymnosperms

pine, cycads, ginko, conifers

Give an example of angiosperms

rose, apple tree, orchid