Terror Quiz 1

King Louis XVI & Queen Marie-Antoinette

 Estates General (General States)

Very rarely called upon national parliament — was called shortly before the French revolution to raise taxes

Clergy, Noblesse, Tiers-Etat

three estates that made up the Estates General in France.

Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyes

was a French clergyman and political theorist known for his influential pamphlet "What is the Third Estate?" that advocated for the rights of the common people.

 National Assembly

the revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate in France, which proclaimed itself the legitimate government, until constitution could be created

List of Rights - Declaration of Man and Citizen

foundational document - liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression

Jean-Paul Marat

Main advocate of Revolution from below. Advocated for spontaneous popular violence, since he saw the direct action of everyday people from the Bastille takeover

Sans-culottes

Lower-class radical group

Prison Massacres

end of first erratic terror of French Revolution. Peak of terror from below. Priests who were already arrested and about to be deported were held in capital jails and detention centers. 2/5th of the prison population was murdered

The Jacobins

voted to abolish the monarchy and become a Republic

Maximilien Robespierre -

leader of Jacobins and Committee of Public Safety. 

• Main figure in the top-down terror

• Believed liberty cannot be secured using the same means as tyrants– but he changed his mind later

• The French believe that their revolution was different from others and that they can’t take example from other revolutions

Committee of Public Safety (1793)

to act as the de facto emergency wartime government of France

Siege of Lyons

Urban resistance - government sieged city, brought guillotines to kill revolutionary leaders

Elmina Castle

Slave-trading posts , holds slaves for export for Europe or for the Americas

Bartolome de las Casas

panish priest, wrote a famous report (History of the Indies) on the violence Columbus enacted on the indigenous people. He considered Africans to not be human (he believed they did not have complex societies, also racism/colorism(?)), but indigenous people to be semi-human because they could be converted to Christianity.

Equiano

Former slave, Christian abolitionist

The Haitian Revolution

most important slave revolution – produced half the world’s sugar – set fire to plantations, and assassinations of white people shocked Europe in newspaper

Carl Peters

German businessman and explorer in East Africa - in 1880s he believed that Germany should expand their business to Africa and created the German East African Company. This is an example of PRIVATE Imperialism - like British East Indies

Cecil Rhodes

 Imperialist businessmen and politician in Africa, British Merchant

Bought a lot of land in Africa and tried to build a railroad

Herbert Spencer

 theorist of “Social Darwinism”, claimed that the world will always have fights between races

Jules Ferry

French journalist and politician proponent of “the civilizing mission” - he believed that European people were more advanced due to culture and ideas, not race. He believed that it was whites job to ‘advance’ and ‘culture’ other races to become peers - “the white man’s burden"

King Leopold II of Belgium

 he funded missionary organizations of Congo– rest of Europe weren’t interested in inland regions, but he was interested in “civilizing” Africa

Berlin Conference

Effort to defuse competition for colonies in order to not go to war over colonies, so they tried to civilly divide land. France and Britain passes over Congo for Leopold to own PRIVATELY

Valeriano Weyler

Spanish concentration camp in Cuba, took inspiration from General Sherman who set fire to the camp

Socialism

non-market society where the means of production and decision-making bodies are controlled collectively

Communism

Classesless, state-less society where resources distributed based on the maxim:

Anarchism

• Anti-State and Anti-Hierarchical (Instead: organizational anarchism vs Individualism)

• Anti-Capitalist (Instead: Anarchist Communism or LIbertarian Communism)

• Anti-Electoral (Instead: Revolution, Direct Action)

• Against all forms of Oppression (Anti-Racism, Internationalism, Anti-Militarism, Anti-Clericalism/Atheism, Feminism, Queer Liberation, Animal/Earth Liberation)

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

First figure to refer to themselves as an anarchist in a positive way, The Philosophy of Poverty (Marxist wrote the Poverty of Philosophy as a diss track against him)

Mikhail Bakunin

some Eastern European nationalist

Hay Market 1886 Chicago

went on strike for an 8-hour day - Hay Market 

MAYDAY - May 1st International Worker’s Day, US created Labor day to steer people away from the radical meaning. 

Russian Nihilism

 rejected tradition (responsible for ‘backwardness’ of Russia, also reject European liberal outlook), superstition, wanted to reboot the values of Russian society. Mostly made up of young intellectuals, not from aristocracy.

Nikolay Chernyshevsky

author of What is to be Done? (1863) - profound impact on Russian literature, book talks about self-sacrifacing dedicated young intellectuals that transformed society through scientific knowledge. Self-denial shows commitment

Dmitry Karakozov!!!!

missed a shot at the Tsar (Alexander II) with a double-barreled pistol, and was caught. Investigators concluded that evidence from his peasant disguise revealed that he was part of a student neolist suicidal Organization, and dozens of other people were arrested and convicted.

Sergei Nechaev

The Revolutionary Catechism (1869) - At the age of 20, he failed to become a schoolmaster, tried to become a revolutionary. He wanted to create a legend of himself being a martyr for his cause– he went abroad and claimed he was in prison for it.

The Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs)

small group attacks onto the Tsar

Vera Zasulich

did stuff for Nechaev — shot Colonol Trepov,who was violent for a prisoner for not tipping their hat. She shot the Colonol and then dropped her gun. “I am a terrorist, not a murderer”

Penal Laws

• Catholic landowners largely dispossessed

• Irish Catholics were systematically denied many rights including voting, inheritance, and access to education

• Result: massive, impoverished, landless Catholic underclass (80% of population) with small landed Protestant overclass

Irish Potato Famine

UK used potatoes for profit— incredibly preventable famine

Fenian Brotherhood

• Targeting urban centers, infrastructure, and private citizens

• Succeeded in making a pervasive moral panic

• Use of dynamite was very American

Irish Republican Brotherhood

• Pyramid, cell-based structure where groups only know a few people

• Sought a secular independent republic of Ireland

Jerimiah O’Donovan Rossa

part of Irish Republican Brotherhood and Clan na Gael. Moved to NYC in 1871, and had a meeting with president Ulysses S. Grant.

• Established a Brooklyn dynamite school 

• Man soldering and experimental chemical companies

• Send out 10 men as bombing cells

• Dynamite invented in 1867 by Nobel

Bombing of the Salford Barracks

• Irish national land league – abolish “landlordism” and have tenant farmers who actually worked on the land own the land

• Organize the rights of tenant farmers

• Police to search peoples homes and also shut down any newspaper

• Right to peacefully organize was shut down

Goal: blow up barracks with weapons. They put the bomb in the wrong building that ruined a butcher shop and injured a woman and killed a young boy

Land law bill

• Set fair rent for 10 farmers

• Make a land court (BS) - if you were a farmer with significant debt you couldn’t participate 

• Land league was made illegal

Easter Rising

• Insurgents seized the General Post Office (GPO) on O'Connell Street, where Patrick Pearse read the Proclamation of the Irish Republic. [1, 2, 3]
  
  Irish republicans sought to end British rule and establish an independent Irish Republic while Britain was busy fighting World War I

Collins

most wanted man in britain

Sinn Féin // Dail Eireann 

Irish republican and democratic socialist political party
Social boycott

Black and Tans

made up of WW1 veterans
Black and Tans are allowed to burn down houses of SUSPECTED Irish revolutionaries
- Restriction on motor transport

• curfews

IRA (Irish Republican Army)

Goals

• Establish Independent Irish Republic

  • Make Ireland Ungovernable for British

  • Embolden Irish Population

  • Demoralize Police

  • Guerrilla warfare - ambushes, assassinations, high mobility (Flying Columns)

  • Targeting British Intelligence
    Targeting Police

Theodor Herzl

Most important figure in Zionism

• Very affected by Dreyfus Affair - Jewish captain in the French army accused of espionage/treason for Germans and was falsely imprisoned 

• Creating a European nation outside of Europe

• Believed that you could only get a Jewish state by allying with a strong European company– chose to work with Great Britian

Sykes-Picot Agreement

• Secret agreement between Britain and France, to divide the fallen Ottoman Empire

• British became de facto rulers of Palestine and did not negotiate with other countries, even though the French technically ruled it beforehand

Balfour Declaration

Promised Zionists that the British will build a Jewish state someday

al-Qassan

• Guerrilla warfare against British and Jewish

• Killed by British army

• Martyr for Palestinian nationalists

Palmach , Irgun Zva Lenni , Lehi

all these groups merge into the IDF

Yasser Arafat

W Politician
most famous political figure in Palestine in the 20th century
signed sum stuff in Sweden (?)

Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)

coalition of different armed group- inspiration from Viet-Cong and FLM in Algeria

Frantz Fanon

anti-colonial theorist, psychologist, revolutionary marxist. Struggling was a source of identity. He was trying to make a base for revolution in the rural area, copying Mao Zedong and the Chinese Revolution. This strategy was not successful

Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP)

explicitly Marxist guerrilla organization. Heavily influenced by other liberation groups, particularly Che Guevara and the Cuban Revolution. Greatest innovation - hijacking airplanes

Shlomo Goren

significant influence on development of the Israeli Settlers’ Movement, Gush Emunim (Community of Believers - tried to claim religious sites). Argued that expanded settlement was important for Israel as a nation but also for the Messiah to come back. 

The Great March of Return,

5,000 people were hit with live ammunition

This showed the people that there was no non-violent way to change things

The First / Second Intifada

Israeli occupation in the Gaza strip - changes names of streets and towns to Hebrew names, Palestinians were paid less and sold cheap merchandise
IDF responded with mass arrests without trial, torture

• Israel cut off electricity and water during peak olive picking season to make an economic chokehold on Palestine
  
  Israeli retaliation was more severe - destruction of refugee camp

Israeli authorities - mass arrests, abuse at borders, building settlements, building a wall to separate West Bank from Israel