Psychology Midterm

Who is B.F Skinner?

Psychologist who studied operant conditioning & schedules of reinforcement

What were B.F Skinners inventions

Skinner Box, Teaching Machines, Project Pigeon

Why did B.F skinner abandon his career as a novelist

Considered the “dark year” of his life, and grew disillusioned with his literacy latents

Where was B.F skinner born?

Susquehanna, Pennsylvania

what are B.F Skinners birth and death dates

March 20,1904 - August 18,1990

Who is Jean Piaget?

A Swiss Psychologist & Genetic Epidemiologist

What was Jean Piaget famously known for?

His theory of cognitive development in children

What 4 Stages did Jean Piaget’s theory identify

The Sensorimotor, PreOperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational stage.

What is Genetic Epistemology according to Jean Piaget?

A theory that studies how people develop knowledge and understanding as they grow and learn through experiences.

What is Jean Piaget’s birth and death date?

August 9, 1896 - September 16, 1980

Who is Albert Bandura?

A Social Cognitive Psychologist

What is Albert Bandura best known for?

Social learning theory, and concept of self-efficacy

did Albert Bandura ever teach?

Yes, he was a professor emeritus at Stanford University

What are Albert Bandura’s theories

Bobo doll experiment, Observational Learning, Social Learning, and Self-Efficacy

What is Albert Bandura’s birth and death date?

December 4, 1925 - Present

Who is Sigmund Freud

an austrian neurologist

What was Sigmund Freud considered of the 20th century?

one of the most Influential and Controversial thinkers

What did Sigmund Freud study?

The Unconscious Mind

What were Sigmund Freuds theories?

The components of personality, psychoanalysis, Life/Death Instincts, Psychosexual Development, and Defense mechanisms.

What is BioPsychoSocial?

How a persons body, mind, and environment affect their health and behavior.

What are the types of Insecure Attachment Styles?

Avoidant, Disorganized avoidant, Anxious

Definition for Euthymic

A stable, tranquil, state or mood that is free from depressive or manic extremes.

Definition for Somatic

Relating to or affecting the physical body rather than the spirit or mind.

What isn’t required on a APA 6 Edition Research Paper

Table of Contents

What is required on a APA 6 Edition Research Paper?

Abstract, Summary, Cover Page

What year did Time Magazine refer Sigmund Freud as one of the most important thinkers of the 20th century?

1999

Who is Margaret Washburn?

An American Psychologist

What did Margaret Washburn study?

Animals and how they think, learn, and behave

What is Margaret Washburn known for as a woman?

The first woman to achieve their Ph.D in psychology in the U.S (1894)

What influential book did Margaret Washburn publish?

“The Animal Mind”, which was published in 1908

What title did Margaret Washburn receive in 1894

First female to achieve their PH.D in psychology in the U.S

Who is Mary Calkin’s?

An American Psychologist that studied memory and the self.

Why was Mary Calkin’s denied the title of first female to receive PH.D in psychology in 1895?

because she was a woman, despite completing the requirements.

Who is William James?

A Psychologist & Philosopher who profoundly influenced the development of psychology in the U.S

What is William James considered to be?

The father of american psychology.

What was william james the first to do?

To teach a psychology course in the U.S

What is william james known for?

Functionalism & The James Lange Theory Of Emotion

Who is Wilhelm Wundt?

A German Psychologist known as the father of experimental psychology

What did Wilhelm Wundt establish in 1879

The first psychology laboratory

What was Wilhelm Wundt’s theory?

Introspection

Who was the student of Wilhelm Wundt?

Edward Tichetner

What did Wilhelm Wundt help establish?

Making psychology an objective science.

Definition of Plethora(n)

A very large, abundant, or excessive amount of something.

Definition of Narcissism(n)

A personality trait involving Excessive self-focus and a strong need for attention and admiration from others.

What is a Trauma Bond?

An emotional attachment that can form in an abusive relationship

What may Trauma Bonds involve?

A foundation of abuse, and tactics such as: threats, manipulation, control, shaming, sabotage, and gaslighting.

What may also tie in within the abuse of Trauma Bonds?

Mixed moments of being calm, and displaying affection.

Why may it be difficult in a trauma bond to leave a relationship?

involves intermittent reinforcement.

what is Intermittent Reinforcement?

when a behavior is rewarded sometimes, but not every time, making the behavior more likely to continue.

What is Emotion Regulation?

The ability to control one’s own emotions, or emotional state.

What is Coregulation?

when two people help each other manage their emotions, thoughts, or behaviors.

What is Operant conditioning?

A broad term, for the learning process of how behaviors increase or decrease based on their consequences.

What are the 4 Types of Schedule Reinforcement?

Positive, Negative, Continuous, and Partial Reinforcement.

Positive Reinforcement:

When a reward is given, or outcome is good

Negative Reinforcement:

When a punishment is given, or the outcome is bad

Continuous Reinforcement:

When you consistently & thoroughly reinforce a behavior ; Most effective way to teach a new behavior.

Partial Reinforcement:

When you reinforce the behavior inconsistently ; not as efficient because the subject may stop performing the behavior if the reward is no longer desired or needed.

B.F Skinners Box:

A small enclosed space for rats or pigeons that analyses their behavior through simple mechanisms such as levers, buttons, or food dispensers (1930s)

Project Pigeon (B.F Skinner)

A project that involved training pigeons to guide bombs to an intended target, in efforts to help with WW2.

Teaching Machines (B.F Skinner)

A device that shapes behavior, offering incremental feedback until a desired response is achieved.

(1) Sensorimotor Stage (Jean Piaget)

lasts from birth to 2 ; where children learn the world through their senses and motor movements.

(2) Preoperational Stage (Jean Piaget)

Lasts from ages 2 to 7 ; the development of language and the emergence of symbolic play

(3) Concrete Operational Stage (Jean Piaget)

Lasts from age 7 to 11 ; Logical thoughts emerge but children still struggle with abstract and theoretical thinking

(4) The Formal Operational Stage (Jean Piaget)

Lasts from age 12 and into adulthood ; become much more adept in abstract thought and deductive reasoning

Observational Learning according to Albert Bandura?

The process of learning through watching others, retaining information, and later replicating that behaviors that were observed.

Social Learninng Theory according to Albert Bandura

People learn not only through direct experience, but also by watching others, evaluating outcomes, and integrating cognitive processes

Cognitive Processes according to Albert Bandura

Attention, Retention, Reproduction, and Motivation.

Self-Efficacy according to Albert Bandura

refers to a persons belief in their ability to perform a task or handle a situation, shaping motivation, resilience, and behavior.

Albert Bandura’s Bobo Doll Studies

Showed that children learn aggressive behavior by observing and imitating adult models, especially when those models are rewarded rather than punished.

What are the Componenets Of Personality according to Sigmund Freud

The ID, Ego, and SuperEgo.

What is Psychoanalysis according to Sigmund Freud?

How human behavior through the unconscious mind, internal conflicts, and early childhood experiences, uses talk-based therapy to make hidden thoughts conscious.

Id:

The instinctual, unconscious source of drives seeking immediate pleasure.

Ego:

the rational mediator that balances the id’s impulses with reality.

Superego:

The internalized moral standards and ideals.

What are the 5 stages of Psychosexual Development according to Sigmund Freud?

Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latent, and Genital stage.

(1) Oral stage according to Sigmund Freud

(Birth - 1 year) pleasure through oral activities: sucking, and eating.

(2) Anal Stage according to Sigmund Freud

(1 – 3 years) sense of pleasure or accomplishment through controlling bowel movement, especially during potty training.

(3) Phallic Stage according to Sigmund Freud

(3 – 6 years) learn the distinctions of male and female ; involving unconscious feelings toward the opposite-sex parent, and rivalry with the same-sex parent.

(4) Latent Stage according to Sigmund Freud

(6 – Puberty) pleasure through social interaction and relationship, and sexual impulses are dormant.

(5) Genital Stage according to Sigmund Freud

(Puberty – Adulthood) Develops a strong attraction towards the opposite sex, and seeks balanced, healthy relationships.

Life Instinct according to Sigmund Freud

The basic drives towards survival and pleasure.

Death Instinct according to Sigmund Freud

Drives toward aggression, destruction, and self-harm.

What are Defense Mechanisms according to Sigmund Freud.

A mental process initiated, typically unconsciously, to avoid conflict or anxiety.

What are the 6 types of Defense Mechanims according to Sigmund Freud.

Displacement, Denial, Repression, Regression, Sublimation, and Projection

Displacement according to Sigmund Freud

Taking out frustrations on people or objects that’re less threatening.

Denial according to Sigmund Freud

Refusing to accept external reality because it is too distressing.

Repression/Suppression according to Sigmund Freud

Blocking unacceptable thoughts or memories from conscious awareness; “motivated forgetting”

Who is Ivan Pavlov?

A Russian physiologist's

What is Ivan Pavlov best known for?

Discovering Classical Conditioning.

Regression according to Sigmund Freud

Reverting to earlier developmental behaviors when under stress.

Sublimation according to Sigmund Freud

Acting out impulsive behaviors towards something productive .

Projection according to Sigmund Freud

Attributing one’s own unwanted feelings or impulses towards someone else.

What is Classical Conditioning according to Ivan Pavlov?

When an organism is given a trait that helps them survive & reproduce , it is likely to be passed down onto their offspring.

What is Ivan Pavlov’s birth and death date?

( 1849 – 1936 )

What is Functionalism according to William James?

How the mind and behavior help people adapt to their environment and function in everyday life.

What was primarily proposed by Wilhelm Wundt , but formally developed by Edward Titchener?

Structuralism

What is Structuralism according to Wilhelm Wundt & Edward Tichener?

identifies the basic elements of conscious experience and understanding how they integrate to form complex mental processes.