wc&e exam 2

lacey act (1900)

limits trade of illegal wildlife across state boundaries, stop interstate commerce in feathers

gifford pinchot

appointed head of the forest service, coined the term “conservation”

john muir

sierra club (founded in 1892), wanted to conserve yosemite

aldo leopolad

father of wildlife management, first professor of game management, report of the first committee in north american game policy (1930)

the IUCN maintains the _____________, which systematically tracks the status of species across the world

red list

teddy roosevelt

tripled our national forests and created first national wildlife refuge, avid hunter and outdoorsman who’s presidency led to the “golden age in conservation”

habitat fragmentation

reduction in the area covered by habitat, change in configuration

epizootic

disease that appears at an unexpected rate, synonymous with epidemic in humans

pathogen

disease causing agent

reservoir

any living or nonliving substance that may perpetuate a pathogen in nature

disease

disturbance to the normal function or structure of an organism

host

an organism on or in which another organism lives

vector

organism that carries pathogens from one host to another, or from a reservoir to a host

zoonosis

animal disease that can be transmitted to humans (ex/ lyme disease)

introduced species

an organism living outside its natural historical range due to direct or indirect human activity

criteria for successful invasion

pathway of invasion

propagule pressure

characteristics (high fecundity, dispersal ability, generalists, novelty)

what are the propagules of pressure for invasive species

quantity, quality, frequency

eutrophication

is caused by a drastic increase in the amount of nutrients in an aquatic ecosystem

extirpation

when a species is lost in one area or region but still exists in other parts of the world this is called _____

ecological extinction

the reduction of a species to such low abundance that, although it is still present in the community, it no longer interacts significantly with other species

local extinction

occurs when a species is no longer found in an area it once inhabited but is still found elsewhere in the world

primary air pollution

substances directly emitted from a process (vehicular pollution, power plants)

secondary air pollution

pollutants form in the air where primary pollutants react or interact (smog)

rodenticides (warfarin)

causes internal bleeding in any animal that consumes it

ddt

an insecticide used in WWII to control malaria & typhus
that is also toxic to animals and humans

reservoir host

a host that acts as a reservoir for the pathogen, but does not suffer ill effects from the disease

urban sprawl

the unplanned and uncontrolled spreading of cities into surrounding regions

the matrix

the surrounding landscape of fragmented habitat

Era of Environmental Management (1966-1979)

-increased national awareness
-endangered species act
-earth day
-dozens of acts

Era of Conservation Biology (1979-2011)

-evolutionary-ecological perspective,
-alaska national interest lands act,
-ronald reagan: anti environmental policies
-AWARENESS
-Recognition: attempts to remedy

Golden Age of Conservation

-Teddy Roosevelt
-John Muir
-Gifford Pinchot

era of protection

The Lacey Act

The Golden Age in Conservation

era of over exploitation (1850-1900)

decline in many game species; more people, more hunting

-Market hunting

Era of Abundance (1500-1850)

-most wildlife were abundant, few negative effects

ex/ streams choked with salmon

methanogenesis

creating of methane

sources of water pollution

industrial, municipal, agricultural

in the us ___% of streams are considered polluted

45%

conversion

when human activities transform one habitat type into another, native habitat to agriculture or pasture

acid rain

sulfuric/nitric acid, alters pH of aquatic environments, ex/ of secondary air pollution

infectious

viruses, fungi, parasites

non-infectious

toxins, physiological, nutritional, congenital, degenerative, cancer

biomagnification

increasing concentration of methlymercury as we move to higher trophic levels

herbicides

type of pesticide that has been linked to: acute exposure, cancer, Parkinson's, reproductive effects, genetic damage

current biggest driver of habitat loss

agriculture and urbanization