AP World History (ch 21)

Before 1861, Russia stood out among the European powers because of its _________.

political conservatism

Romanticism was popular in Eastern Europe during the nineteenth century because this movement __________.

combined popular folklore with nationalism

Russia's defeat in the Crimean War by the Ottoman Empire and its British and French allies demonstrated that __________.

Western Europe's military industrialization system gave it the upper hand in this war

The Russian ruler responsible for emancipating the serfs was __________.

Alexander II

Expansion of Russian universities led to the growth and activism of the radical intellectuals known as __________ who agitated for social reform.

the intelligentsia

The main goal of anarchists was to __________.

abolish all formal government

Compared to their European counterparts, Russian workers were considered to be more __________.

radical

The major cause of the Russian Revolution of 1905 was __________.

Russia's humiliating defeat in the Russo-Japanese War

During the 1850s, the Tokugawa shogunate in Japan was most weakened by __________.

the inability to pay the samurai stipends in exchange for their loyalty

How were Japan and Russia similar in terms of political and philosophical ideologies?

Both societies had to address tensions between traditionalists and reformist intellectuals.

Matthew Perry was most responsible for __________.

opening Japanese ports for trade with the United States

After it assumed power in the late 1860s, the Meiji government reformed Japan's governmental system by __________.

replacing the daimyo landlords with nationally appointed prefects

The new Japanese parliament created during the Meiji era was known as the __________.

Diet

The new economic structure in a rapidly industrializing Meiji Japan depended on __________.

the abolishment of older systems such as guilds and internal road tariffs

Japan launched its first full steps toward expansion by defeating __________ in the Sino-Japanese War, which was fought from 1894 to 1895.

China

The major purpose of Tsar Alexander II's political and social reforms was to __________.

protect distinctive Russian institutions, including the aristocracy and the peasantry

After their emancipation in 1861, Russian serfs __________.

remained tied to their villages until they could pay for the land they were given

The zemstvos were established to __________.

give the middle class a greater role in local politics

Minister of finance Count Sergei Witte was able to guide Russia toward economic modernization by __________ as demonstrated when he declared, "The inflow of foreign capital is ... the only way by which our industry will be able to supply our country quickly with abundant and cheap products."

enacting high tariffs that protected Russian industry

What was ironic about the term Bolshevik?

Bolshevik means "majority party," but this group actually was a minority in the Russian Marxist political scheme.

Russia took great interest in the newly independent nations in the Balkans because these nations __________.

also had large Slavic populations

The Russo-Japanese War resulted in a Japanese victory because Russia __________.

had overextended itself and had not increased its military power

How did the Duma differ from zemstvos?

The Duma governed at the national level, while zemstvos governed at the local level.

During the first half of the nineteenth century, Japan was more responsive to increasing pressures from the West because growing secularism __________.

prevented a strong religious-based resistance to change

The sentiment "The 'special dispensation of our Imperial Land' means that ours is the native land of the Heaven-Shining Goddess who casts her light over all countries in the four seas" was written by an intellectual who adhered to the __________ concept of education in Japan.

national studies

The political crisis and civil war that broke out in 1860s Japan were resolved through __________.

the proclamation of the emperor Meiji as a replacement for the Tokugawa shogunate

Iwasaki Yataro's founding of the Mitsubishi Company in 1868 demonstrated that __________.

the samurai continued to play a role in Japanese society after their class was abolished by the government

The religious appeal of __________ to nationalists supporting Japan's distinctive mission of looking to the West for industrialization demonstrated that the nation had also retained its unique cultural traditions.

Shintoism

Female workers in both Russia and Japan during the late nineteenth century were __________.

widely used as part of the early factory labor force

Compared to Russia and China at the beginning of the twentieth century, how did Japan respond to the series of factors that changed its society?

The Japanese avoided revolutionary pressure that Russia and China experienced.

The purpose of the Holy Alliance that was created after the Congress of Vienna met was to __________.

defend religion and establish order in post-Napoleonic Europe

Tsar Nicholas I's response to the 1825 Decembrist Revolution was to __________.

impose conservative measures such as repression of political opponents and the expansion of the secret police

Two regions where Russia continued to expand geographically during the early nineteenth century were __________.

Poland and the Ottoman Empire

During the first half of the nineteenth century, the Russian economy was __________.

heavily dependent on serf-based agricultural production

For Russia to become competitive in the military arena after its defeat in the Crimean War, Tsar Alexander II initiated a series of reforms that began with __________.

emancipating the serfs

Completion of a transcontinental railroad from Eastern Russia to the Pacific in the 1870s allowed Russia to begin new development and settlement in __________.

Siberia

Russia reformer and medical doctor M.I. Pokrovskaia kept detailed accounts of the __________.

difficult conditions female workers faced in Russian factories

Western European nationalist beliefs that were imported to Russia and other parts of Eastern Europe mostly led to __________.

divisive minority agitation

While the Russian intelligentsia sought political reform and deep social reform, it also wanted to __________.

maintain a non-Western Russian culture

__________ most forced anarchists to resort to violence and terrorism to oppose tsarist autocracy.

Failure of the peasants to become politically active

New measures of repression directed against minority nationalities in Russia included the persecution of Russian Jews through mass attacks known as __________.

pogroms

Russian Marxist leader Lenin argued that because of industrialization and international capitalism, Russia __________.

was on the brink of a working-class proletariat revolution

The Stolypin reforms that were enacted in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution of 1905 were intended to improve living situations for Russian __________.

peasants

Newly independent nations in the Balkans that emerged from long-time Ottoman dominance began to imitate the West by __________.

establishing parliaments

What can be said of Japan as it encountered growing Western pressures in the 1850s?

Japan was able to initiate major reforms while keeping its existing strengths and traditions.

The establishment of the terakoya during the Tokugawa shogunate most expanded Japanese intellectual life by __________.

educating commoners

The United States' arrival in Japan in 1853, with its heightened military superiority and its insistence on opening markets for its own growing economy, was most similar to the pressure that __________.

Britain created on China through the Opium War

How were situations different in China and Japan when they first encountered growing Western pressure in the mid-nineteenth century?

China was suffering from a dynastic decline, while Japan had maintained its political and economic vigor.

Samurai officials changed their minds about their earlier anti-foreign positions when they __________.

were sent by the Japanese government to Western Europe and the United States to study economic and political institutions and technology

The Japanese constitution that was issued in 1889 and ensured major prerogatives for the emperor was modeled on the __________ constitution.

German

During the Meiji era, voting rights in Japan __________.

were limited to a small number of male property owners

As in Russia, scarce capital and the unfamiliarity of new technology compelled Japan to __________ during the late nineteenth century.

initiate state direction of the national economy

What can be said of the Japanese economy in 1900?

The Industrial Revolution was fully launched in Japan.

The idea that Japanese education after 1880 stressed "loyalty to the Imperial House, love of country, filial piety toward parents, respect for superiors, faith in friends, charity toward inferiors and respect for oneself" demonstrated that Japanese officials __________.

had stepped back from earlier educational reforms and adopted a more traditional system of moral education

The primary reason for Japanese expansion in the late nineteenth century was to __________.

gain access to new markets and raw materials