CSD Exam 2

vocalizations

sound a human produces with the vocal tract

non-speech sounds

don't make up words; grunting, babbling

speech sounds

make up words and can signal linguistic meaning; /s/ /k/

2 types of vocalizations

non-speech and speech

phoneme

smallest unity of sound in language that can change the meaning of a word

grapheme

letter used to write down sounds

international phonetic alphabet

alphabet with special symbols used to represent the sounds of speech; used b/c letters can be pronounced in different ways

2 main types of phonemes

vowels and consonants

main articulator for vowels

tongue

how are vowels produced?

no constriction in vocal tract

how can the tongue be positioned to articulate vowels?

high to low, front to back (see chart)

diphthong

vowel produced with a change in articulations during production-dynamic quality; (ex. ouch)

how is a consonant produced?

with significant blockage and narrowing in the vocal tract

3 main ways consonants can be classified

voice, place, manner

voiced consonants

vibration occurs

unvoiced consonants

vocal folds are open and do not vibrate

cognates

voiced-voiceless pairs of consonants (p-b)

place of articulation

place in vocal tract where sounds are made (see chart)

manner of articulation

how articulators behave to have sounds produced

plosive (manner 1)

airflow completely blocked and then abruptly released (p)

fricative (manner 2)

air released gradually; constricted - forcing air through tight space

affricate (manner 3)

airflow blocked and then gradually released (ch)

liquids (manner 4)

sound produced with gap between tongue and roof of mouth (l)

glides (manner 5)

small amount of constriction between articulators (w)

nasal (manner 6)

consonants produced with velum open allowing nasal resonance (n)

coarticulation

overlapping of sounds that influences how some letters are articulated

prosody

everything on top of speech that helps us get our point across

suprasegmentals

things that add meaning, effect, emphasis on top of sounds, words and phrases (stress, pitch, intensity, intonation, rhythm, rate)

jargon

sounds like language, but isn't in reference to anything specific; typical from 6-14 months

protowords

words that aren't adult-like but are consistent; more specific than jargon; 6-14 months

typical time that a first word appears

1 year

phonology

study of sounds of a spoken language; includes: rules, phonemes, and production

how do we learn how sounds go together in our language?

repeated exposure

phonological process

patterns of change in speech sounds production; common mistakes

phonological delay

takes too long to get rid of phonological processes

phonological disorder

difficulty implementing to rules for producing sounds and sound sequences

articulation

ability to produce sound by moving articulators (motor movement)

articulation disorder

struggling to do the motoric movements that need to be done to produce a sound; difficulty with planning or executing speech sounds

delay

following typical trajectory, but meeting milestones later than peers

disorder

things that happen are out of order or unexpected; irregularity, disturbance, or interruption of normal function

communication disorder

impairment of ability to receive, send, process, and comprehend concepts (hearing, language, and speech)

degrees of impairment

mild, moderate, severe, profound (see chart)

what to do when suspecting a disorder?

assess, plan for therapy, treat

objectives of assessing for a disorder

diagnosis, delay or disorder?, see severity and see what is necessary for treatment

atypical phonology

patterns not associated with typical phonological development

atypical articulation

consonant or vowel distortions; know rules but can't say sounds

speech sound disorder means any difficulty with:

perception, production, or phonological representation

organic causes

known cause; structural, perceptual, motor, genetic

functional causes

no known cause

perceptual cause of SSD

hearing loss; inability to perceive something accurately

structural cause of SSD

structural deficits due to trauma or surgery

motor/neurological cause of SSD

execution and planning

genetic cause of SSD

born with it; 221 deletion syndrome, down syndrome

4 organic etiologies/causes of SSD

perceptual, structural, motor, genetic

typical phonological development

after age 3, processes should no longer occur

articulation assessment

check structures, hearing screening, look at speech sound errors (speech samples), how is intelligibility

parts of speech analysis

number of correct speech sounds, phonetic inventory (sounds they use), stimulability (produce sound w instructions), type of errors

acronym for type of errors in speech

SODA (substitution, omission, distortion, addition)

phonological treatment approaches

minimal pairs (learn that cape and tape are different); build their phonological awareness

articulation treatment approaches

repetitive motor practice and attention to places and manner; phonetic placement cues; drill focused

cleft lip and/or palate

gap or hole in lip or roof of mouth (between structures)

why is a cleft lip a problem?

might not be able to achieve full closure of lips; trouble with labial consonants and eating and drinking

why is a cleft palate a problem?

no separation between nasal and oral cavities; air can flow freely during speech and eating (necessary for contrast of speech sounds)

submucous cleft

forms later in fetal development; bones don't fuse

management of cleft

surgery, prosthetic (retainer); speech therapy for erasing patterns

language

socially shared code for representing concepts through the use of symbols and rule-governed combinations of those symbols

2 types of languae

receptive, expressive

language content difficulty

semantic issue

semantic issue

problem with understanding or using word meanings (vocab); difficulty assigning meaning to words

language form difficulties

phonological issue, syntactic issue, morphological issue

phonological issue

problem applying the rules of sound system of the language; SSD

syntactic issue

problem forming sentences (wrong order/combinations); think yoda

morphological issue

child may omit morphemes or use incorrect morphemes; wrong verb endings, leaving out prepositions, wrong pronouns; grammar issue

language use difficulty

pragmatic issue; autism

pragmatic issue

difficulty interpreting, using, or expressing social language or communication skills with others

Autism Spectrum Disorder

broad spectrum of difficulties that can include significant language impairments; common difficulty with social interaction (reading social cues, responding to questions, etc.)

assessing language content

vocab tests, naming abilities

assessing language form

speech sounds/phonology, syntax, morphology; language samples, MLU

assessing language use

language samples

main goals of language intervention

prevention, remediation, compensation/manage

4 lobes of brain

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

Sylvian fissure

wernicke and broca's are both fall on this; has a lot to do with language

broca's area

language production; expressive language

wernicke's area

language processing and comprehension; understanding language

injury to broca's area is shown through:

stringing sentences together, writing, signing language

can language disorders be grown out of?

no

aphasia

umbrella term for acquired language disorder apparent in speaking, understanding, reading and writing

3 main aspects of language performance (for determining type of aphasia)

auditory comprehension, repetition, fluency

what system is used to classify types of aphasia?

Boston Classification System

2 general types of aphasia

fluent, nonfluent

anomia

difficulty naming/word finding

neologism

nonsense words, try to say word but it comes out wrong

cause of nonfluent aphasia

stroke/lesion in anterior (front) of brain, Broca's area

hemiplegia

weakness of one side of body; accompanies confluent aphasia

cause of fluent aphasia

stroke to posterior (back) sensory strip, Wernicke's area

4 main types of aphasia

Broca's, Wernicke's, conduction, global

Broca's aphasia

nonfluent, telegraphic speech, difficulty naming and word finding; know what they want to say but struggle to say it

Wernicke's aphasia

fluent, difficulty understanding and repeating language, paraphasic speech, incorrect use of real words, neologisms, logorrhea; rambling without context or comprehension

agrammatism

telegraphic speech

paraphasic speech

omission of parts of words; incorrect use of real words; neologisms, jargon, logorrhea