human anatomy joints

what is a joint

point of contact (articulation) between:

two or more bones

cartilage and bone

teeth and bone

purpose of joint

reduce friction between bones

joint classification

structurally, functionally 

joint classification: structurally 

fibrous

cartilaginous

synovial

fibrous joints

bone joined by dense irregular connective tissue

immovable

cartilaginous joints

use cartilage as connecting tissue to join bones

semi movable

synovial joints

joints with a lubricated cavity between bones

freely moveable

arthrosis

joint wear

synarthrosis

immovable joint

diarthrosis

a moveable joint

amphiarthrosis

slightly moveable joint

on both sides

synarthrosis structure

fibrosis

diarthrosis strucutre

synovial

amphiarthrosis strucnture

cartilaginous

types of fibrous joints

sutures, syndesmoses

sutures

dense fibrous connective tissue

syndesmoses

used where greater distance between bone

types of syndesmoses

interosseous membranes, gomphosis

interosseous membranes

dense connective tissue between bones which results in greater movement

location of interosseous membranes

radius and ulna

tibia and fibula

gomphosis

cone shaped peg fits into dense connective tissue

articulates between teeth and socket

types of cartilaginous joints

synchondroses, symphyses, epipheasl cartilage

synchondroses

immovable to slightly movable

junction of first rub with manubrium

symphyses

connected by firbocaritlage

pubis symphysis

epiphyseal caritlages

not associated with movement

epiphysis growth plate

synovial joints are distinguished by

synovial cavity

articular capsule is composed of two layers

fibrous membrane

synovial membrane : secretes synovial fluid

types of synovial joints

plane, hinge, pivot, ellipsoid, saddle, ball and socket

plane joint

surface flat or slightly curved

hinge joint

convex surface into concave surface

pivot joint

rounded surface fits into ring

ellipsoid joint

oval shape fits into oval depression

saddle joint

shaped like a saddle

ball and socket joint

ball fits into socket

burse and tendon sheaths location

found at many synovial joints

bursae

sac like structures filled with synovial fluid

think cusion or pillow

tendon sheaths

tube like bursae that wrap around tendons

Plane/gliding joint type of movemetn

uniaxial

hinge joint type of movement

uniaxial

pivot joint type of movement

uniaxial

Condyloid/ellipsoid joints

biaxial

saddle joint type of movement

biaxial

ball-and-socket joint type of movement

multiaxial

what type of joint movement is this: leaning head upwards

extension

what type of joint movement is this: curling a dumbell upwards

flexion

what type of joint movement is this: straightening your arm

extension

what type of joint movement is this: straightening arm past normal 180 degreee angle

hyperextension

what type of joint movement is this: lifting arm up to the side

abduction

what type of joint movement is this: lowering arm down to the side

adduction

what type of joint movement is this: raising leg up to the side

abduction

what type of joint movement is this: lowering leg down to the side

adduction

what type of joint movement is this: spreading fingers appart

abduction

what type of joint movement is this: closing fingers together

adduction

what type of joint movement is this: lifting foot upwards while heel stays planted

dorsiflexion

what type of joint movement is this: pressing foot downward

Plantar flexion

what type of joint movement is this: turning hand to face palm upwards

supination

what type of joint movement is this: turning hand to face palm downwards

pronation

what type of joint movement is this: turning head to nod no

rotation

what type of joint movement is this: turning arm to place hand across stomach

medial rotation

what type of joint movement is this: turning arm to reach out and hi five someone walking past you

lateral rotation

Flexion

decrease of joint angle

extension

increase of joint angle

abduction

movement away from midline

adduction

movement towards the midline

eversion

the sole of the foot turns to face laterally

inversion

sole turns medially

elevation

the superior movement of the body part

depression

the inferior movement of the body part