psych quiz 4: learning & memory

test: oct 28

unconditioned stimulus

elicits reflexive response

unconditioned response

reflexive response

conditioned stimulus

pair natural stimulus with unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response

new response to conditioned stimulus

operant conditioning

learning based on reward or punishment

reinforcer

increae probability the behaior will occur again

primary reinforcer

satisfy biological needsse

secondary reinforcer

associated with primary through classical conditioning

positive reinforcer

pleasant event follows behavior

negative reinforcer

removal of unpleasant stimulus

shaping

reinforcement of behavior to get desired outcome

continuous reinforcement

everytime

fixed ratio

every __ time behavior occurs

fixed ratio example

every other time behavior occurs

variable ratio

random based on behavior

fixed interval

every __ amount of time

variable interval

random based on time

extinction

remove reinforcer

partial reinforcement extinction effect

variable ratios are hard to get rid of

punishment

present undesired stimulus/remove pleasant one

problems with punishment

only stops when punished, classical conditioning of fear of punisher, punishment seen as reinforcement

punishment works when

immediate and consistent, redirected to smth good

observational learning

learn by watching others

vicarious conditioning

learn by watching others be rewarded or punished

what study is associated with vicarious conditioning

bandura’s study

bandura’s study

children see adult either punish or reward a doll and imitate that behavior

learned helplessness

person stops trying to exert control after learning no control is possiblee

example of learned helplessness

dog is tied and eventually stops trying to jump

encoding memory

putting info into format brain can use

storage memory

maintaining info in brain

retrieval memory

recalling info from storage

episodic memory

specific event where you were present

semantic memory

general info about the world

procedural memory

how to do things

sensory memory

captures 5 senses

how long does sensory memory last

less than 1 sec

short term memory

temporary holding space for raw info

how long does short term memory last

20 seconds without interference

chunks

meaningful groups of info (capacity of short term memory)

example of chunks in short term memory

numbers

long term memory

encoded semantically (by meaning, not word for word)

capacity of long term memory

unlimited

elaborative rehearsal

think about meaning of what you’re trying to remember

maintenance rehearsal

repeating info over again

organize info

remember best when info is organized in categories of 5 +- 2

5 +- 2

holding between 5-9 items in working memory at once

mnemonics

link info to info already known

example of mnemonic

Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sherry

visualizing

form visual images relating to info

flashbulb memories

remember some things in more detail than others

primacy effect

remember from beginning of list

recency effect

remember from end of list

retrieval cues

stimuli that help people recall info

context dependent memories

retrieval is easier in environment where info was learned

state dependent memories

retreival is easier in psychological state where info was learned

spreading activation

activation of memory spreads from nodes

reconstructed memories

memories altered by something (new info, bias, etc.)

false memories

new memories are created that never happened

eye witness testimony

remember the gist; detailed memories come from filling in blanks with schemas; loftus’s study

loftus’s study

can wording of question distort eye witness testimony

absentmindedness

info never stored

decay

memory disappears overtime

retroactive interference

new info interferes with old memories

proactive

old memories interfere with learning new info

retrieval failure

info is still stored but can’t be retrieved