PSY210 Chapter 10

Emotion and Motivation

Motivation

Wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal.

Intrinsic Motivation

Motivation that arises from internal factors and personal satisfaction.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation that arises from external factors or rewards.

Overjustification Effect

Intrinsic motivation is diminished when extrinsic motivation is given.

Instinct

Species-specific pattern of behavior that is unlearned.

Homeostasis

The tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system.

Drive Theory

Deviations from homeostasis create physiological needs resulting in psychological drive states.

Habit

A pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

Simple tasks are performed best with high arousal; complex tasks are best performed with lower arousal.

Self-Efficacy

An individual's belief in their own capability to complete a task.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A spectrum of needs ranging from basic biological needs to self-actualization.

Satiation

Fullness and satisfaction; stops eating behavior.

Metabolic Rate

The amount of energy that is expended in a given period of time.

Set-Point Theory

Assertion that each individual has an ideal body weight that is resistant to change.

Overweight

An adult with a body mass index (BMI) between 25 and 29.9.

Obese

An adult with a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher.

Bariatric Surgery

Surgery modifying the gastrointestinal system to reduce food intake and/or absorption.

Prader-Willi Syndrome

A genetic disorder resulting in persistent feelings of intense hunger and severe childhood obesity.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging or other compensatory behaviors.

Binge Eating Disorder

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by distress, without purging.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by maintaining body weight well below average through starvation and/or excessive exercise.

Distorted Body Image

Individuals view themselves as overweight even though they are not.

Sexual Response Cycle

Divided into four phases: excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution.

Refractory Period

A period following orgasm during which an individual is incapable of experiencing another orgasm.

Sexual Orientation

An individual's emotional, romantic, and/or erotic attraction to other people or no people.

Gender Identity

One's sense of being male, female, neither, both, or another gender.

Transgender

Gender identity differs from the sex assigned at birth.

Gender Dysphoria

Diagnostic category for individuals who experience enduring distress because their gender identity does not align with their sex assigned at birth.

Intersex

A general term used to describe people whose sex traits, reproductive anatomy, hormones, or chromosomes differ from typical development.

Cisgender

Identifying with the sex assigned at birth.

Emotion

A subjective state of being often described as feelings, resulting from physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, and subjective experience.

Mood

A prolonged, less intense affective state that does not occur in response to a specific experience.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

Emotions arise from physiological arousal.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

Physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously and independently.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Facial expressions are capable of influencing our emotional experience.

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

Physiological arousal is interpreted in context (cognitive labeling) to produce the emotional experience.

Cognitive-Mediation Theory

Emotions are determined by an immediate appraisal of the stimulus.

Automatic Emotion Regulation (AER)

The non-deliberate, unconscious control of emotions.

Polygraph

A lie detector test that measures physiological arousal in response to questions.

Amygdala

Limbic system structure primarily involved in processing emotional information, especially fear and anxiety.

Hippocampus

Limbic structure that integrates emotional experience with cognition and memory.

Cultural Display Rule

A culturally specific standard governing the types and frequencies of acceptable emotional displays.