Vitamins and Minerals

Vitamin B1

thiamine

B1 - thiamine functions

coenzymes

catabolism of sugars and AAs

TPP

B1 - thiamine disorders

Beriberi - severe weakness, humans

polyneuritis - head retraction, chicks

polioencephalomalacia - blindness, brainers, cattle

encephalopathy - cats, thiaminase activity in seafood, anorexia, weight loss, convulsions

amprolium

anticoccidial

thiamine analogue, blocks uptake

B2

riboflavin

B2 - riboflavin functions

Coenzymes: FMN, FAD

energy production

cell growth

metabolic reactions

B2- riboflavin disorders

ariboflavinosis - mucous membranes, humans

curled toes - dystrophia in peripheral nerves, chicks

B3

niacin

B3 - niacin vitomers

nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, nicotinamide riboside

B3 - niacin functions

NAD

coenzymes: carry e- for redox rxn

B5

pantothenic acid

B5 - pantothenic acid functions

CoA

catabolism of sugars and AAs

TPP

B5 - pantothenic acid disorders

general ill thrift, skin, GI, nervous system

goose stepping in pigs

B6

pyridoxine

B6 - pyridoxine functions

coenzymes: protein and N metabolism

nervous system

B7

biotin

B7 - biotin functions

coenzymes: CoA, AA metab, fat metab, transcarboxylation

B7 - biotin disorders

important for hoof health in cattle and horses

B9

folic acid

B9 - folic acid functions

vitamin B12 metabolism

B9 - folic acid disorders

macrocytic hypochromic anemia

leukopenia

thrombocytopenia

spina bifida (humans)

B12

cobalamin

B12 - cobalamin

formed by bacteria

contains cobalt

choline functions

phospholipid synthesis

acetyl choline

transmethylation of homocysteine to methionine

platelet activation → clotting

choline disorders

reduced weight gain

rough hair coat

vitamin C

ascorbic acid

Vit C - ascorbic acid function

cofactor

collagen synthesis

AA metab

antioxidant

iron absorption

immune function

Vit C - ascorbic acid disorders

scurvy

humans, primates, guinea pigs, bats, and fish lack L-gluonolactone axidase

Vitamin A: vitamers

retinol - animal

retinal - plant

retinoic acid

B-carotene (provitamin A)

Vitamin A: functions

vision, cellular differentiation, growth, reproduction, immunity, maintains epithelial cells

Vitamin A: toxicity

anorexia, weight loss, skin thickening and flaking, crusty eyelids, weak bones, death

Vitamin D: forms

D2 - ergocalciferol (plants)

D3 - cholecalciferol (animals)

most species make adequate amounts

Vitamin D: absorption

taken up in chylomicrons from SI → liver → kidneys

regulated by PTH

Vitamin D: functions

Ca homeostasis

Ca-binding protein synthesis (calbindin)

Calcitriol increases alkaline phosphatase → increases absorption of P

Vitamin D: deficiency

rickets, osteomalacia

Vitamin D: toxicity

rat poison

abnormal deposition of Ca in soft tissues

Vitamin E: forms

tocols (saturated)

tocotrienols (unsaturated)

alpha-tocopherol is most active form

Vitamin E: function

works with Se as antioxidant

immune function

Vitamin E: deficiency

Mulberry heart disease (pigs)

deficiency of Vit E and adequate Se → hemorrhage on heart

Vitamin K: functions

coagulation and anticoagulation proteins

Vitamin K: disorder

Sweet clover disease

dicoumarol is an antagonist of Vit K

cattle die of internal bleeding

Vitamin K: antagonists

dicoumarol and warfarin

rat poison

prevent blood clots → “blood thinners”

Vitamin K: deficiency

increased clotting time

Calcium function

nerve impulses

muscle contraction

blood coagulation

hydroxyapatite crystals

~2Ca:1P

calcium deficiency bone

rickets

osteomalacia

fibrous osteodystrophy → nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism (low/normal Ca with high P)

calcium deficiency blood

hypocalcemia (milk fever)

→ flaccid paralysis in fresh dairy cows

→ tetany in dogs 3-4 weeks after whelping

phosphorus functions

ATP/ADP

phospholipids

DNA/RNA

phosphorus excess bone

nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

• low/normal Ca and high P

• decreased Ca absorption

big head in horses

magnesium functions

cofactor

nerve impulse control

muscle contraction

magnesium deficiency blood

grass tetany → low Mg, high protein, high K

muscle tetany, head retraction, staggering, convulsions

magnesium toxicity

decreased feed intake

loss of reflex

diarrhea

cardiorespiratory depression

electrolytes

Na+

K+

Cl-

sodium functions

main extracellular cation

cell permeability for active transports

electrolyte balance

muscle contraction

nerve impulse control

potassium functions

main intracellular cation

osmotic pressure to maintain fluid volume

enzymatic reactions

normal cardiac function

muscle activity

chloride functions

counterbalance anion

~66% if anions in extracellular fluid

HCl

gastric enzymes

sulfur functions

in AAs, vitamins, organic molecules

decreases availability of Cu especially with Mo

sulfur disorders

contributes to PEM

manganese functions

enzymes

bone growth

manganese deficiency

skeletal abnormalities

copper functions

enzymes

absorption affected by Mo, S, and Fe

copper toxicity

sheep very susceptible

intravascular hemolysis

jaundice

gun metal kidneys

iodine functions

combined with tyrosine → thyroid hormone

regulates metabolic rate

iodine deficiency

goiter

newborns → born hairless with low livability

cobalt functions

B12 synthesis

0.2 ppm

selenium function

selenoproteins → vitamin E, glutathione peroxidase

legal supplement 0.3 ppm, toxic at 5 mg/kg

selenium deficiency

white muscle disease: weak, cannot stand, easy to prevent, hard to treat

iron function

hemoglobin and myoglobin → carry O2

enzymes

iron types

Fe3+ = ferric = feed = poorly absorbed

Fe2+ = ferrous = water = more readily absorbed

iron deficiency

anemia

iron toxicity

oxidative damage by free ionic iron

zinc functions

200+ enzymes

• cell replication

• CHO and protein metabolism

• skin replication/wound healing

• acid/base balance

• antioxidant

• immune system

foot health

immunity

zinc deficiency

dermatitis

alopecia

growth retardation

immune depression

hypogonadism

impaired taste

diarrhea

molybdenum function

enzyme → xanthine oxidase

low associated with Cu toxicity; high with Cu deficiency

chromium source

chromium propionate