Learn: Exam 3 Psychology: Conduct, Anxiety, OCD & Trauma Disorders

What is Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?

A pattern of angry, irritable, argumentative, defiant, and sometimes vindictive behavior toward authority figures lasting at least 6 months.

What are the symptoms of ODD?

Frequent temper loss, arguing with adults, refusing to follow rules, deliberately annoying others, blaming others for mistakes, being angry or resentful, and being spiteful or vindictive.

What is the prevalence of ODD in youth?

Approximately 3.3% of youth ages 6-18, more common in boys than girls.

How is the severity of ODD classified?

Mild (one setting), Moderate (at least two settings), Severe (three or more settings).

What is Conduct Disorder (CD)?

A more serious behavioral disorder involving repeated patterns of aggression, destruction, dishonesty, theft, and serious violations of rules or rights.

What are the four major behavior categories of CD?

Aggression toward people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, serious rule violations.

What is the prevalence of Conduct Disorder in boys and girls?

Boys: 5-10%, Girls: 2-4%, with a childhood gender ratio of approximately 3 boys to 1 girl.

What distinguishes ODD from Conduct Disorder?

ODD involves defiance and hostility, while Conduct Disorder involves serious violations of rules and rights.

What are the onset specifiers for Conduct Disorder?

Childhood-Onset (before age 10) and Adolescent-Onset (no symptoms before age 10).

What is the difference between overt and covert behavior?

Overt behavior is obvious and visible (e.g., fighting), while covert behavior is hidden or less noticeable (e.g., stealing).

What is reactive aggression?

An emotional response to perceived threat or provocation, often impulsive and more common in younger children.

What is proactive aggression?

Deliberate aggression without provocation, used to achieve a goal.

What is relational aggression?

Attacking someone's friendships, reputation, self-esteem, or social status, such as spreading rumors or excluding someone.

What are prosocial behaviors?

Positive behaviors such as helping, cooperating, and showing concern for others, relying on empathy.

What characterizes limited prosocial emotions in Conduct Disorder?

Lack of remorse or guilt, callous traits, little concern about hurting others, and shallow emotional expression.

What does etiology mean in the context of conduct problems?

The causes or factors contributing to a disorder, which are multifactorial in conduct problems.

What percentage of variance in conduct problems is attributed to genetic factors?

Approximately 40-50%.

What role do environmental factors play in conduct problems?

Factors such as parental mental health, low monitoring, substance abuse, and negative family environments contribute to conduct problems.

What is coercive parent-child interaction?

A negative interaction where parents and children reinforce each other's negative behavior, creating a cycle of hostility.

What is low parental monitoring?

Inadequate supervision of children's activities, friendships, or whereabouts.

How do children with conduct problems interpret social information?

They may incorrectly interpret other people's intentions, leading to misunderstandings.

What is the difference between childhood-onset and adolescent-onset Conduct Disorder?

Childhood-onset is more likely to continue into adulthood, while adolescent-onset is more likely to decrease toward the end of adolescence.

What are the severity specifiers for Conduct Disorder?

Mild (few symptoms), Moderate (between mild and severe), Severe (many symptoms or considerable harm).

What is the relationship between ODD and Conduct Disorder?

ODD can be a precursor to Conduct Disorder, with overlapping symptoms but differing severity and implications.

What is the impact of a difficult temperament on conduct problems?

It can increase the risk of conduct problems due to excessive emotional reactivity and low emotional arousal.

What is psychopathy in relation to conduct problems?

A pattern of callousness, limited empathy, and lack of remorse, often associated with severe child abuse.

What are some examples of covert behaviors?

Stealing, lying, and secretly breaking rules.

What is the significance of empathy in prosocial behavior?

Empathy allows individuals to understand others' perspectives and emotional experiences, fostering positive interactions.

What is social information processing in children with conduct problems?

Children may incorrectly interpret others' intentions, leading to aggressive reactions.

What is selective affiliation?

Children tend to associate with peers who have similar interests or behaviors.

What is deviancy training?

Peers reinforce and encourage negative or antisocial behavior.

What are adolescence-limited conduct problems?

Conduct problems that emerge during adolescence and are more likely to decrease with age.

What percentage of conduct disorder (CD) cases also meet criteria for ADHD?

Approximately 41%.

By age 14, what percentage of youth with conduct problems have used alcohol?

42%.

What is the prevalence of academic difficulties in ODD and CD cases?

Approximately 25%.

What is the overlap between ODD and CD?

ODD does not necessarily develop into CD.

What is Parent Management Training (PMT)?

A treatment that teaches parents to reinforce positive behavior and use consistent consequences.

What is Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)?

A therapy where parents and children attend sessions together, and parents receive coaching.

What are the six steps of Problem-Solving Skills Training (PSST)?

1. Encode cues. 2. Interpret cues. 3. Clarify goals. 4. Develop solutions. 5. Evaluate options. 6. Implement the plan.

What does Multisystemic Therapy (MST) address?

Family, school, and peer environments.

What is the Premack Principle?

Using a highly desired activity to encourage a less desired activity.

What is the definition of fear?

A response to an immediate threat.

How does anxiety differ from fear?

Anxiety is an emotional, physical, and cognitive response to a vague or future threat.

What is maladaptive anxiety?

Anxiety that is excessive, lasts too long, and interferes with everyday life.

What are the three characteristics of maladaptive anxiety?

1. Intensity and proportion. 2. Chronic duration. 3. Interference with daily activities.

What is the prevalence of anxiety disorders among youth?

Approximately 5% experience an anxiety disorder in a given year.

What is heterotypic continuity?

Symptoms change into a different type of disorder as a child develops.

What is the triple vulnerability model?

It includes genetics/biological risk, early socioemotional experiences, and environmental experiences.

What is Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)?

Excessive fear or anxiety about being separated from attachment figures.

What are the diagnostic features of SAD?

Fear of separation, worry about attachment figures, difficulty being alone, and physical complaints.

What is the prevalence of Specific Phobias among youth?

Approximately 2-9%.

What are the four categories of Specific Phobias?

1. Animal. 2. Natural environment. 3. Situational. 4. Blood-injection-injury.

How do phobias develop?

Through classical conditioning, observational learning, and informational transmission.

What is Selective Mutism?

Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations where speaking is expected.

What triggers Social Anxiety Disorder?

Fear of social or performance situations where embarrassment or judgment may occur.

What are common physical symptoms of Panic Disorder?

Shortness of breath, chest pain, trembling, sweating, dizziness, feelings of helplessness.

What is the prevalence of Panic Disorder among youth?

Approximately 1%.

What percentage of youth have Panic Disorder?

Approximately 1%

What distinguishes a panic attack from Panic Disorder?

A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear, while Panic Disorder involves repeated unexpected panic attacks and ongoing worry.

What is Agoraphobia?

Anxiety about situations where escaping or getting help might be difficult if something goes wrong.

What are some examples of situations that may trigger Agoraphobia?

Being in a crowded stadium, sitting in a classroom, riding a bus, or being in a large crowd.

What is the prevalence of Agoraphobia among adolescents?

Less than 0.5%

What is Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)?

Excessive and uncontrollable worry about multiple everyday situations.

What is a key difference between GAD and specific phobias?

GAD involves worry about many different things, while specific phobias focus on one particular object or situation.

What are common symptoms of GAD?

Motor tension, autonomic reactivity, apprehension about the future, and hypervigilance.

What is Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)?

A treatment that teaches individuals to recognize and change negative thought patterns and behaviors.

What is Exposure Therapy?

A treatment that gradually exposes a person to something they fear instead of allowing avoidance.

What is Systematic Desensitization?

A treatment that pairs relaxation with gradual exposure to a feared stimulus.

What does the SUDS scale measure?

Subjective Units of Distress Scale, measuring anxiety from 1 (no anxiety) to 100 (extreme anxiety).

What is Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)?

A disorder involving obsessions (unwanted thoughts) and compulsions (repeated behaviors).

What are obsessions in OCD?

Unwanted, persistent thoughts or images that cause distress or anxiety.

What are compulsions in OCD?

Repeated behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce anxiety or prevent something bad from happening.

What is the role of genetics in OCD?

Approximately 10-25% of youth with OCD have a parent with OCD, and genetics explain 45-58% of the variance.

What is Exposure and Response Prevention (E/RP)?

A treatment for OCD that involves exposing the individual to their obsession and preventing the usual compulsion.

What medications are commonly used for OCD?

Clomipramine (Anafranil), Fluoxetine (Prozac), Fluvoxamine (Luvox), and Sertraline (Zoloft).

What is a traumatic event?

An event involving a threat to someone's life or physical safety, or repeated exposure to trauma.

What are the four major symptom clusters of trauma-related symptoms?

Intrusive symptoms, avoidance, negative changes in thoughts and feelings, and physiological arousal.

What are intrusive symptoms?

Unwanted memories or experiences related to trauma, such as flashbacks or nightmares.

What does avoidance mean in the context of trauma?

Avoiding reminders of the traumatic event, such as refusing to visit a location where trauma occurred.

What are negative changes in thoughts and feelings related to trauma?

Changes in emotions, beliefs, or perceptions, such as guilt, fear, or emotional numbness.

What is physiological arousal in trauma-related symptoms?

Increased physical alertness or reactivity, such as being easily startled or having difficulty sleeping.

What is Thought-Action Fusion?

The mistaken belief that thinking about something makes it more likely to happen.

What is the PANDAS theory?

A theory suggesting that some children develop OCD symptoms after a streptococcus infection.

What is Trichotillomania?

Compulsive pulling out of one's own hair.

What is Excoriation?

Repeated skin picking that causes lesions or skin damage.

What is Hoarding?

Difficulty discarding possessions.

What is Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

Preoccupation with perceived flaws in physical appearance.

What are dissociative symptoms?

Symptoms that include depersonalization (feeling disconnected from oneself) and derealization (feeling that the surrounding world is unreal).

What is Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)?

A trauma-related disorder that develops following exposure to a traumatic event, involving intrusive symptoms, avoidance, negative changes in thoughts and feelings, and increased physiological arousal.

What are examples of PTSD symptoms?

Repeated nightmares, avoidance of trauma-related people or places, feeling constantly on guard, difficulty sleeping, and feeling disconnected from others.

How do PTSD symptoms differ between adults and children?

Adults express symptoms through thoughts and emotions, while children express them through actions and observable behaviors.

What is Acute Stress Disorder (ASD)?

A trauma-related disorder with symptoms similar to PTSD but lasting at least 3 days and resolving within one month.

What is the difference in duration between Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD?

ASD symptoms last at least 3 days and resolve within one month, while PTSD symptoms persist beyond one month.

What is the HPA Axis?

A hormonal system involved in the body's response to stress, explaining hyperarousal and increased emotional reactivity.

What does Cognitive Appraisal Theory suggest?

A person's feelings about an event depend on how they interpret or evaluate it, based on factors like novelty and threat.

What are the two types of coping styles emphasized?

Problem-Focused Coping (attempting to change the problem) and Escape/Avoidance Coping (attempting to avoid the problem).

What is Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)?

An attachment disorder associated with severe early neglect or deprivation, characterized by not seeking or responding to comfort.

What is Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED)?

An attachment disorder involving overly familiar behavior toward unfamiliar adults, often associated with severe neglect.

What are the main characteristics of RAD?

The child does not seek comfort from caregivers, does not respond appropriately to comfort, and has difficulty establishing trust.

What are the main characteristics of DSED?

The child approaches strangers too easily, shows excessive familiarity, and does not demonstrate typical caution around strangers.