BEN GIO

Shoot System

The part of the plant that includes stems and leaves, involved in supporting the plant and photosynthesis.

Vegetative shoots

Parts of the plant excluding reproductive parts, such as flowers and fruits.

Xylem

Long thin tubes in plants that transport water.

Phloem

Long thin tubes in plants that transport sugars (sap).

Epidermis

The outer layer of tissues in a plant stem, producing a waxy coating to reduce water loss.

Parenchyma

Type of ground tissue beneath the epidermis, involved in photosynthesis and food storage.

Collenchyma

Flexible plant tissue that provides support and stability.

Sclerenchyma

Plant tissue that forms fibers, providing protection and structure.

Meristematic tissues

Tissues in plants that are constantly dividing and involved in growth.

Cambial layers

Layers in plants that contribute to secondary growth and thickness of the stems.

Transpiration

Process by which water evaporates from the stomata of leaves.

Stomata

Tiny pores on leaves that facilitate gas exchange.

Rhizome

A modified stem that grows horizontally underground, allowing for vegetation like ginger.

Corms

Rounded, fleshy modified stems, such as those found in gladiolus.

Stolons

Stems that run parallel to the ground, giving rise to new plants, like strawberries.

Tubers

Modified stems, like potatoes, that store starch.

Bulbs

Underground storage units formed from enlarged fleshy leaves surrounding the stem.

Tendrils

Slender, twining structures that allow climbing support for plants.

Thorns

Modified branches that protect the plant.

Cladodes

Green branches that perform photosynthesis, usually one internode long.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants capture sunlight to make food (glucose).

Guard Cells

Cells that control the opening and closing of stomata on leaves.

Lamina

The blade of a leaf, involved in photosynthesis.

Petiole

The stalk that attaches the leaf blade to the stem.

Palisade Mesophyll

Layer of cells in leaves where most photosynthesis occurs.

Spongy Mesophyll

Layer of loosely arranged cells in leaves that facilitate gas exchange.

Cordate leaf shape

Heart-shaped leaf morphology.

Photoperiodism

The response of a plant to the duration of light and dark.

Auxins

Hormones that stimulate plant growth.

Dioecious plants

Plants that have separate male and female individuals.

Monoecious plants

Plants that have both male and female flowers on the same individual.

Fruit

The mature ovary of a flower, containing seeds.

Stomata Open -

Facilitates gas exchange while regulating water loss.

Capillary Action

Movement of water within the plant, aiding in water distribution.

Gravitropism

Plant growth in response to gravity.

Root Pressure

Pressure generated by osmotic movement of water into roots.

Metabolism in muscles

The chemical processes that provide energy for muscle contractions.

Skeletal System

Framework of the body providing support, protection, and movement.

Exoskeleton

Skeleton formed on the outside of the body in some animals.

Endoskeleton

Skeleton formed inside the body, characteristic of vertebrates.

Joints

Articulations between bones or cartilages that allow movement.

Striated Muscle

Muscle tissue that has a banded appearance, including skeletal and cardiac muscles.

Gout

A disorder involving the faulty metabolism of uric acid.

Eczema

An inflammatory condition of the skin characterized by itchiness and rashes.

Acne

A common skin condition caused by clogged hair follicles.