Kidney & hydration
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53 Terms
kidney → ureter → bladder → urethra
urinary tract
GFR
how much blood plasma the kidneys filter per minute
120 mL/min
normal GFR value
papilla → calyx → ureter
flow through the kidney
nephron
narrow tubes contained in the cortex and medulla, functional unit of the kidney
glomerulus, tubule
2 parts of the kidney
0.5-1 million
How many nephrons are in 1 kidney?
filtration, blood/primitive urine interface
glomerulus
concentration to definitive urine
tubule
proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct
parts of the tubule
1 L/min
renal bloodflow
20%
What percentage of cardiac output goes to the kidneys?
glomerular capillaries (filtration), peritubular capillaries (urine maturation/concentration)
2 capillary systems at the nephron level
excretion of waste products, homeostasis, hormones, metabolic functions
functions of the kidney
target of hormones implicated in homeostasis, hormone production
How are the kidneys involved with hormones?
primitive urine
Glomerular filtration leads to…
pressure dependent, plasma ultrafiltration of water and small molecules so urine composition is close to that of plasma
convection
selective permeability for middle-sized molecules
diffusion
convection + diffusion
glomerular filtration =
filtration - reabsorption + secretion
excretion =
180 L/d
primitive urine in L/d
600 mL/min
renal plasma rate in mL/min
80% unfiltered, 20% filtered
Where does the 20% of cardiac output that goes to the kidneys go?
99% reabsorbed, 1% excreted
Where does the 20% of filtered blood go?
high and stable
blood pressure during filtration
low
blood pressure during reabsorption
red blood cells
What is in plasma but not in primitive or final urine?
red blood cells, albumine, glucose
What is in plasma and primitive urine but not final urine?
tubular functions
tight adjustment of urine composition for homeostasis via reabsorption of water/substances/electrolytes, secretion of substances, and the maintenance of constant blood composition
proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, collecting duct
parts of the tubule
+++, +
In the proximal tubule, reabsorption is ___ while regulation is ___.
+, +++
In the collecting duct, reabsorption is ___ while regulation is ___.
apilcal pole, basolateral pole
2 poles in the polarized epithelium
angiogensin 2
hormonal regulation in the proximal convoluted tubule
aldosterone
hormonal regulation in the collecting duct
renin-angiotensin system
main anti-natriuretic system
juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole
Where is renin synthesized and released?
porous endothelial cell, basement membrane, foot of podocyte
parts of the glomerulus
hydrostatic pressure
physical phenomenon, flux from high to low pressure compartment, P
osmotic/oncotic pressure
induced by osmoles (e.g., proteins) that cannot pass the membrane, flux from low to high osmolarity compartment, pi
k(delta P - delta pi)
Q_{H2O}=
urine formation
when delta P > delta pi
anuria
when delta pi > delta P
high
pressure in the blood is…
low
pressure in the urine is…
distal tubule (macula densa cells), afferent arteriole, mesangial cells
juxtaglomerular appartus parts
quantitatively measures kidney function and the severity of impairment via biomarkers
GFR
ideal biomarker for GFR
freely filtered by the kidney, not reabsorbed, not secreted
Clearance(X)
volume of plasma totally cleared of a substance X per unit time
CL_iohexol = GFR
= U_X*V^O / P_x =
CL_creatinine >= GFR
= U_X*V^O/P_X >=