N2130 - Pediatric Health Promotion (Lecture 6)

What is the key principle of health promotion?

Prevention: taking a proactive approach to wellness with the goal of preventing illness.

How is health promotion defined in the lecture?

The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.

Why is child health promotion important?

Children’s health significantly affects lifelong individual health and the health of communities.

What nutrition trends can negatively affect family nutrition?

Skipping breakfast; irregular meals; family members eating at different times; busy families eating out more; more fast food and snack foods; sedentary lifestyles.

What is recommended for infant feeding during the first 6 months?

Breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months and may continue up to 2 years.

What vitamin D supplement is recommended for exclusively breastfed infants in the lecture?

400 IU/day.

What should be the main source of nutrition during the second 6 months of infancy?

Human milk or infant formula.

Which solid foods should be introduced first in the second 6 months?

Meat, meat alternatives, and iron-fortified foods.

How should solid foods be introduced to infants?

Introduce one food at a time.

Is it necessary to delay allergenic foods to prevent allergies?

No. The lecture states that it is not necessary to delay food allergens to prevent allergies.

Which foods should infants not be given?

Honey or corn syrup.

At what age does the lecture recommend Canada’s Food Guide for children?

Children over 2 years of age.

What family eating practices does Canada’s Food Guide emphasize in the lecture?

Eat together as a family, serve family-style meals, involve children in food preparation, and let children decide how much they want to eat.

What beverage should be limited in children’s diets?

Juice.

What are the core food-group messages from Canada’s Food Guide shown in the lecture?

Eat protein foods; have plenty of vegetables and fruits; choose whole grains; eat a variety of healthy foods; make water the drink of choice.

What broader healthy-eating behaviours does Canada’s Food Guide promote?

Eat meals with others, enjoy food, be aware of food marketing, use food labels, limit foods high in sodium/sugars/saturated fat, cook more often, and be mindful of eating habits.

What guidance areas do Canada’s Food Guide dietary guidelines address for nurses?

Nutritious foods and beverages; foods/beverages that can negatively affect health when consumed regularly; food skills; and supportive environments for healthy eating.

What is physiological anorexia in toddlers?

A common toddler pattern of reduced appetite as growth slows compared with infancy.

What is ritualism in toddler eating?

A tendency toward predictable routines or preferences around foods and meals.

What eating guidance is recommended for toddlers?

Offer a cup rather than a bottle or sippy cup for fluids, encourage food variety, supervise eating, and avoid hard, small, round, smooth, or sticky foods.

What food behaviours are common in preschoolers?

Food fads and strong food preferences; the amount eaten can vary greatly from day to day.

What meal routine guidance is recommended for preschoolers?

Establish routines around meal and snack times and encourage a variety of foods prepared in different ways.

What juice limit does the lecture give for school-age children?

No more than 250–375 mL per day.

Why may school-age children eat more?

Their energy requirements are high.

Why do adolescents have increased nutritional requirements?

Rapid and extensive growth increases nutritional needs.

Which deficiency is specifically noted as possible in adolescent females?

Iron deficiency.

Are well-planned vegetarian diets adequate for children?

Yes. The lecture states that well-planned vegetarian diets can support normal growth at all ages.

What is a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet?

Excludes meat but includes dairy and eggs.

What is a lactovegetarian diet?

Excludes meat and eggs but includes milk/dairy.

What is a vegan diet?

Eliminates all foods of animal origin, including milk, cheese, and eggs.

What is a macrobiotic diet as described in the lecture?

A very strict diet allowing only a few types of fruits, vegetables, and legumes.

What is a semivegetarian diet?

A lacto-ovo diet that includes some fish and poultry.

How does the lecture define overweight in its BMI summary?

BMI greater than 25, associated in the slide with the 85th–97th percentile.

How does the lecture define obesity in its BMI summary?

BMI greater than 30, associated in the slide with the 95th–99.9th percentile.

What energy-balance pattern ultimately results in obesity?

Caloric intake consistently exceeds caloric requirements and expenditure.

What factors contribute to childhood obesity?

Sedentary lifestyle, genetics, family and cultural eating patterns, social determinants of health, and psychological factors such as emotional eating.

How does breastfeeding relate to obesity risk in the lecture?

Breastfeeding is described as decreasing risk.

What family or cultural eating patterns may contribute to obesity?

Using food as a reward or punishment, parental modelling, and beliefs that fatness indicates good health.

What biological factor can contribute to childhood obesity?

Genetic tendencies.

What behavioural factors can contribute to childhood obesity?

More time on TV, computers, and video games, and less physical activity.

What social factors can contribute to childhood obesity?

Support for breastfeeding and marketing of foods high in fat, sugar, and sodium.

What psychological factors can contribute to childhood obesity?

Anxiety, depression, and using food as a coping strategy.

What environmental factors can contribute to childhood obesity?

Greater availability of less healthy foods and larger portions, and community design that does not support active living.

What economic factors can contribute to childhood obesity?

Unequal access to nutritious foods and opportunities for physical activity.

What cultural factors can contribute to childhood obesity?

Knowledge, attitudes, and values related to food.

What health consequences of childhood obesity are listed in the lecture?

Cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, musculoskeletal disorders, some cancers, disability, early menarche, low self-esteem, behavioural and psychological problems, and increased bullying risk.

What approaches may be included in obesity management?

A holistic plan involving diet, exercise, behaviour modification, nutritional counselling, behavioural therapy, group/family involvement, and sometimes medication or bariatric surgery in extreme cases.

What is the role of nutritional counselling in obesity management?

The lecture emphasizes it as especially important.

When can infant oral hygiene begin?

Right after birth.

How can parents begin cleaning an infant’s mouth?

Wipe the gums with a cloth or piece of gauze to get the infant used to mouth cleaning.

When should a child have their first dental visit according to the lecture?

Six months after the first tooth erupts or by 1 year of age.

What does the lecture say about fluoride toothpaste in children under 3?

It states that children under 3 years do not require fluoride toothpaste and warns that infants may swallow toothpaste and ingest excessive fluoride.

What oral hygiene skills should school-age children learn?

Proper brushing technique and flossing.

What is early childhood caries (ECC) as defined in the lecture?

The occurrence of one or more decayed or missing teeth.

What bottle-related dietary guidance helps prevent early childhood caries?

Encourage early weaning from bottled milk or juice.

What balance of activity and sleep do children need?

High levels of physical activity, low levels of sedentary activity, and sufficient sleep each day.

How does physical activity support muscle development?

It builds strength to reduce injury risk, lift objects, and maintain flexible joints.

What cardiovascular and respiratory benefits does activity provide?

It increases cardiovascular and lung capacity.

How does activity support bone and weight health?

It keeps bones strong, decreases body fat, burns calories for weight control, and helps reduce type 2 diabetes risk.

What sleep duration is recommended for infants aged 4–12 months?

12–16 hours over 24 hours, including naps.

What sleep duration is recommended for toddlers aged 1–2 years?

11–14 hours over 24 hours.

What sleep duration is recommended for children aged 3–5 years?

10–13 hours over 24 hours.

What sleep duration is recommended for children aged 6–12 years?

9–12 hours over 24 hours.

What sleep duration is recommended for teenagers aged 13–18 years?

8–10 hours over 24 hours.

What sleep guidance is given for infants?

Establish bedtime rituals; the lecture notes graduated extinction or controlled crying as an approach to nighttime crying.

What sleep and activity patterns are common in toddlers?

About 12 hours of sleep at night, infrequent naps, common night waking and difficulty falling asleep, high motor activity, and a need to limit sedentary screen activities.

What sleep issues may occur in preschoolers?

Nightmares and sleep terrors.

What safe-sleep measures reduce SIDS risk?

Provide a smoke-free environment before and after birth; place the baby on their back to sleep; room-share with the adult for the first 6 months while avoiding bed-sharing; and keep the crib free of toys, bumper pads, and loose bedding.

What school-age sleep guidance is given for ages 5–10?

An average of 9–12 hours per night, while recognizing individual variation.

What physical changes help school-age children play longer?

Larger, stronger muscles enable longer and more strenuous play without exhaustion.

What activity recommendation is given for adolescents?

At least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily.

Why is the term injury preferred over accident?

‘Injury’ emphasizes responsibility and control, whereas ‘accident’ suggests randomness or inevitability.

What is the lecture’s key message about childhood injuries?

Injuries are a major cause of child death and most are preventable.

Where do most infant injuries occur?

In the home.

What does SAFE PAD stand for?

Suffocation/sleep position; Asphyxia/animal bites; Falls; Electrical burns or burns; Poisoning/ingestions; Automobile safety; Drowning.

Why are toddlers and preschoolers at increased risk for injuries?

Improved gross motor skills and curiosity drive exploration, but they do not fully understand cause and effect or judge danger; immature depth perception can contribute to falls.

What is a leading cause of death for children under 14 highlighted in the lecture?

Child pedestrian accidents.

When do many school-age pedestrian injuries occur according to the lecture?

When children walk or bike home from school; handheld devices and distractions increase risk.

What injuries are school-age children susceptible to?

Cuts, abrasions, fractures, strains, and sprains; trampoline injuries are common among ages 5–14 and can involve fractures, sprains, and head injuries.

Why may adolescents take more risks?

They may feel invincible and seek independence and freedom.

What is a leading cause of injury and death among adolescents?

Motor vehicle accidents.

What are the injury hospitalization statistics highlighted in the lecture?

Falls accounted for 34% of injury admissions; sports-related injuries 12%; playground injuries 8%.

What is the lecture’s message about predicting and preventing injuries?

Injuries follow patterns rather than occurring purely by chance; identifying risks makes prediction and prevention possible.

What risk factors for injury are listed?

Age/developmental level, gender, temperament, previous injury, alcohol/drug use, anatomical characteristics, poverty, family stress, substandard childcare, young maternal age, and low education.

What are leading hospitalization causes in Atlantic Canada by age in the lecture?

Under age 1: falls; ages 1–4: falls and poisoning; ages 5–14: falls, playground falls, and cycling; ages 10–14: falls and cycling.

Which children are at greatest risk for injury outside the home according to the lecture?

Children aged 5–14.

What is a passive injury-prevention approach?

An intervention that provides automatic protection without requiring action from an individual.

What is an active injury-prevention approach?

An intervention that requires individual action to be effective.

Which examples of injury prevention are listed in the lecture?

Seat belt, air bag, life vest/PFD, smoke detector, anti-lock brakes, driving carefully, childproof packaging, pool fencing, guard rail, and bike helmet.

What is the nurse’s role in injury prevention?

Address safety according to growth and development, use a home safety checklist, educate caregivers, emphasize prevention, and model safe behaviour because children imitate adults.

What proportion of childhood injuries does the lecture say occur in the home?

Two-thirds.

How does the lecture define child maltreatment?

Intentional physical abuse or neglect, emotional abuse or neglect, and sexual abuse of children, usually by adults; it also includes acts or failures to act that put a child at imminent risk of serious harm, abuse, or exploitation by a responsible caregiver.

What parental characteristics may predispose to maltreatment?

History of being a victim of domestic violence, limited social supports, mental health challenges, substance misuse, low income, low education, low self-esteem, and limited parenting knowledge.

What child characteristics are identified as risk factors for maltreatment?

Birth to 3 years, female sex, complex care needs, and preterm birth are listed in the lecture.

What environmental circumstances may increase maltreatment risk?

Chronic stress such as divorce, relationship problems, poverty, unemployment, inadequate housing, frequent relocation, and substance misuse.

Does having risk factors mean a person will maltreat a child?

No. The lecture cautions that many people with risk factors do not maltreat children.

What is the most common form of child maltreatment in the lecture?

Child neglect.

What is physical neglect?

Depriving a child of necessities such as food, clothing, shelter, supervision, medical care, or education.

What is emotional neglect?

Failure to meet a child’s needs for affection, attention, and emotional nurturance.

What is emotional abuse?

A deliberate attempt to destroy or significantly impair a child’s self-esteem or competence.