chapters 6-11

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time is referred to as the waves___, which is measured in___

Frequency; hertz

The process by which the sensory raptors and the nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from the environment is called

Sensation

Miguel is reading a text from a friend. The path through which the words on the screen travel through his eye is

Cornea pupil lens retina

In one study, a pictured woman was perceived by some as balancing a box on her head, and by others as sitting under a window. The study best illustrates that perceptions are influenced by

Context effects

Which Of these statements, best explains why a cochlear implant may not work

Hearing has a critical period

Transduction refers to the process of

Organizing and interpreting sensory information

Information processing guided by higher level mental processes is called

Top-down processing

The hue of a color is determined by its

Wavelength

The wavelengths of visible light is the

Distance from one wave peak to the next

The minimum stimulus energy needed to detect a particular stimulus, 50% of the time, is called

Absolute threshold

Sensory nerve endings that respond to the stimuli are called

Sensory Receptors

Sensory adaptation refers to

Diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

Sassholes swimsuit looks to them to be the same shade of blue, both indoors and on a sunny beach. This illustrates what is known as

Color constancy

Sheena hears their neighbors having loud conversations next door. Which of these is responsible for transmitting information about the sound to the temporal lobe of Sheena’s brain

Auditory nerve

Psychologists define learning as the process of

acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning in which

We link to stimuli and thus anticipate events

Behaviouralism was the view that psychology should scientifically study behavior without reference to

Mental processes

Before pavlov conditioned a dog to salivate in response to a tone, the tone was a

Neutral stimulus

In Pavlovs experiments the taste of food triggered the dog salvation, salvation to the taste of food was a

Unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, extinction occurs when a___ No longer Follows a__

Condition stimulus; Unconditionally, stimulus

In classical conditioning, once a response has been conditioned, generalization may occur, which refers to the tendency for the conditioned response to be evoked by stimuli that are similar To

Condition stimulus

Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and the behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely. This principle is called

The law of effort

An operant chamber, popular known as the Skinner box

Contains a bar Or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reinforcer

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is an

Reinforcer

Shaping is affected by Rewarding___ To the desired behavior

Successive approximations

In operant conditioning, reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs illustrates__ Reinforcement

Continuous

A fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a

Specified number of responses have been made

What is punishment Defined as

An event that decreases the frequency of behavior it follows

An event that decreases behavior by removing a rewarding stimulus is called

Negative punishment

Someone who hides money when drunk may forget the location until drunk again. This demonstrates

State dependent memory

The type of motivated forgetting in which painful or unacceptable memories are banished from conscious awareness is known as

Repression

Which memory retention measure assesses how much time is saved when learning material again

Relearning

The tendency to recall the first and last items in the list better than the middle items is known as

The serial position effect

Sand recently changed his banking password after the suspicious activity on his account now whenever he logs in, he begins to type the old password and has to take a moment to remember the new one. This is an example of

Proactive interference

Belinda, who took intensive Japanese classes in high school and college, is able to converse easily with her Japanese speaking friends when she meets the same friend at their five-year reunion, having spoken no Japanese since college, she struggles quite a bit with communicating, but when she sees them again at their 25th reunion, she is surprised to find that her ability to communicate in Japanese has changed much in the last two decades. This illustrates

The forgetting curve

Smell, taste, and sight can evoke our memory of the associated person or event are called

Retrieval cues

Memory demonstrated by identifying items previously learned is called

Recognition

Information learned through classical conditioning forms a__ Memory

Implicit

The effort for processing strategy of chunking involves

Organizing information into familiar manageable units

Which of these outlines the sequence of the Atkinson and Schieffer three-stage model of memory

Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Proactive interference occurs when

Older learning disrupts the recall of new information

Which measure of memory retention assesses the ability to draw information out of storage and into conscious awareness

Recall

Mnemonics our memory aids that

Mostly use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Echoic memory refers to

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli

Metacognition is defined as

Thinking about thinking

A prototype is a

Best example of a category

The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to

Search for information that supports our preconceptions

The inability to see a problem from a new perspective is called

A fixation

Which of these is defined as the representativeness heuristic

Judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to match particular prototypes

Our tendency to judge the likelihood of event on the bias of how readily we can remember instances of its occurrence is called

The availability heuristic

Our tendency to stick to our beliefs, even when evidence disproves them, is called

Belief, perseverance

On Monday, the meteorologist forecast a 10% chance of snow, so min wore their boots to work. On Friday, the meteorologist reported a 90% chance that it would not snow, so min did not wear their boots. Mins behavior illustrates the effect of

Framing

Wording a question or presenting an issue in such a way that evokes a desired judgment is called

Framing

The smallest distinctive sound unit of language is a

Phoneme

Morphemes are defined as

The smallest language units that carry meaning

In language, the system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others is called

Grammar

The earliest stage of speech development, which begins__ Months is called the__ Stage

4; babbling

Khairi who’s first language is English moved to Brazil and learned Portuguese when he was 20, he can communicate fluently in Portuguese, but he speaks with an accent and imperfect grammar. This demonstrates that

There is a critical period for learning a new language

Addison is shopping for her new winter jacket based on past shopping experiences. Addison believes that a higher price means better quality, so she chose the more expensive jacket. Addison’s decision reflects her use of

Intuition