Populations, Disease & Health, and Migration Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering key terms across population geography, human health and disease, and migration patterns.

Life Expectancy

A demographic metric measuring the average lifespan of individuals. Life expectancy is the average number of remaining years a person is expected to live based on current mortality rates.

Child Mortality Rate

A key demographic indicator measuring deaths among children. number of deaths per 1,000 live births

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI/NIR)

AThe rate of natural increase (RNI) is the speed at which a population grows or shrinks due solely to births and deaths, excluding migration.

Formula

CrudeBirthRate (CBR) - CrudeDeathRate CDR)/ 10

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

he total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children a woman would give birth to during her lifetime if she experienced the exact age-specific fertility rates of a given year and lived through her entire reproductive years

Crude Birth & Death Rate (CBR/CDR)

The crude birth rate and crude death rate measure population changes over time per 1,000 people

Doubling Time

The time required for a given population to double in size.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model tracking population changes over time, abbreviated as DTM.The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) is a framework that describes how a country's population changes over time as it moves from a pre-industrial economy to an industrialized, modern society

Demographic Change

Shifts and fluctuations in population structure and numbers over time.

Population Pyramids

Graphical diagrams representing the age and sex composition of a population. a graphical chart that displays the distribution of a population across different age groups and biological sexes

Population Planning

Strategies and programs aimed at managing population growth and structure.

Population Distribution/Density (Arith, Psy, Agr)

Population Distribution: The spatial arrangement or pattern of where people live across the Earth's surface.

Population Density: The number of people living per unit of land area (how crowded it is)

Arithmetic Density: The total population divided by total land area, giving a basic average of how crowded a country is.

Physiological Density: The total population divided by arable (farmable) land, measuring how much pressure people put on food-producing land.

Agricultural Density: The total number of farmers divided by arable (farmable) land, indicating how manual or mechanized a country's farming is.

Population Policies (natalist/anti)

Governmental policies categorized as either pro-natalist (expanding) or anti-natalist (shrinking) to regulate birth rates. deliberate government measures designed to influence a country's population size, structure, growth rate, and distribution

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size an environment can sustainably support.

Malthusian Theory

The idea that population grows exponentially while food production only grows linearly, meaning human population will inevitably outpace resources and cause a widespread food crisis.

Human Ecology

Examining relationships between human communities and their environments.human development is shaped by a series of nested environmental and social systems rather than isolated internal traits.

Human Ecology is the study of how humans interact with and adapt to their natural, social, and built surroundings.

Zika, Ebola, Cholera

Specific examples of infectious diseases listed under the Disease & Health section.

Push and Pull Factors

Reasons that push individuals to leave a location or pull them toward a new destination.

Types of Migration

migration is permanent movement from one place to another.

Forced Migration: Compelled to move by cultural, environmental, or political factors.

Voluntary Migration: Choosing to move, typically for economic opportunity.

Internal Migration: Permanent movement inside a country’s borders.

International Migration: Permanent movement across country borders.

Step Migration: Moving in small, incremental stages toward a final destination.

Chain Migration: Following family or community members to a new location.

Refugees, IDPs, Migrants

Refugee: A person who has been forced to flee their home country due to a well-founded fear of persecution, war, or violence, and has crossed an international border to seek safety.

Internally Displaced Person (IDP): A person who has been forced to flee their home for the same reasons as a refugee (war, violence, disasters) but remains within their own country's borders. They do not have the same legal protections under international law as refugees.

Migrant (Voluntary Migrant): A person who chooses to move permanently or temporarily to a new location, typically driven by economic pull factors (jobs, wages) rather than an immediate threat to their life.

Impacts of Migration

The social, demographic, and economic effects resulting from human movement. how they affect the source country (where people leave) and the host country (where people arrive).

1. Impacts on the Source Country (Origin)

• Brain Drain (Negative Economic/Political): The loss of a country’s most highly educated, skilled, and professional workers (like doctors and engineers) to more developed countries.

• Remittances (Positive Economic): Money sent home by migrants working abroad. This acts as a massive financial boost to families and local economies in Less Developed Countries (LDCs).

• Demographic Relief & Aging (Mixed): Out-migration reduces the immediate strain on a country's local resources and job markets, but it can leave behind an aging population since young adults are the most likely to migrate.

2. Impacts on the Host Country (Destination)

Cultural Diffusion (Cultural): Migrants introduce new foods, languages, religions, and traditions, often creating distinct ethnic enclaves (like Little Italy or Chinatown).

Labor Supply Expansion (Positive Economic): Influxes of low-wage or high-skilled workers fill critical labor shortages in agriculture, tech, and service sectors.

Demographic Rejuvenation (Demographic): Migrants are typically young adults of childbearing age, which lowers the overall dependency ratio and counters the demographic aging crisis in Stage 4/5 countries (like Germany or Japan).Political Tensions (Negative Political): Rapid increases in immigration can lead to xenophobia, anti-immigrant legislation, and debates over border security and national identity.

Current Refugee Crises

Contemporary ongoing displacement situations. global forced displacement remains at historically high levels, with approximately 117.8 million people forcibly displaced worldwide due to persecution, conflict, violence, and human rights violations

Historical Migration Patterns

Historical migration patterns are the large-scale movements of human populations across time (such as the Out-of-Africa expansion or the transatlantic slave trade) that have permanently reshaped the world's cultures, demographics, and borders

Remittances

Money or financial transfers sent by migrants back to their home countries.