A and P Lab : Unit 4

what are the 7 functions of the skeletal system

-protection

-movement

-support

-hematopoiesis

-acid base balance

-electrolyte balance

-hormone secretion

diaphysis vs epiphysis

shaft of long bones

ends of long bones

endosteum vs periosteum

inner layer of osteogenic cells and reticular connective tissue that lines in inside of marrow cavities

outer layer that nourishes bones (layer of collagenous fibers)

epiphyseal plate vs. line

growth plate in growth vs. after growth ends

red vs. yellow bone marrow functions and where is red found

creates red blood cells: in short flat bones and the head of the femur and humerus

fat inside bones

medullary cavity is aka

marrow cavity

articular cartilage

cushion for joints where 2 bones meet

nutrient foramina

where blood vessels penetrate through bone

when would yellow BM turn into red BM

in chronic anemia

osteoblasts vs osteoclasts function

building bone vs breaking down bone and reabsorbing old bone

osteocytes

osteoblasts that are embedded into the matrix

lacunae

cavities that hold osteocytes

canaliculi

slender channels that connect lacunae

what is the basic structural unit of the skeletal system

osteons

lamellae

layers of matrix that make up osteons

the central canal holds ____ ____

blood vessels

the central canal is aka

the haversian system

spongy bone consists of a lattice of ____ and _____

spicules and trabeculae

what bone doesn’t have a central canal? why?

spongy: no osteocytes aren’t far from the marrow

where are spongy bone and compact bone found?

-inside bones, in flat irregular bones, and ends of long bones

-outside bones, and shaft of long bones

mineralization is when ions move from the _____ to _____

blood; bones

osteoblast produce ___ ___ that spiral around the osteon in ___ ___

collagen fibers : alternating directions

these collagen fibers become _____ with ____ which ___ the ____

encrusted; minerals; hardens; matrix

osteoclasts perform ___ ___

mineral reabsorption

hypocalcemia symptoms

tremors, muscle spasms, and tetany (stiffness)

too little calcium excites the neuron. why?

calcium binds to the cell surface and contributes to its resting potential, without enough the sodium channels open to easily

hypercalcemia symptoms

depressed NS, cardiac arrest, and emotional distress

6 causes of hypocalcemia

-lack of uv

-vitamin D deficiency

-diarrhea

-thyroid tumor

-underactive parathyroid gland

-pregnancy/lactation

calcitriol is aka

activated vitamin D

what are the 3 steps in making calcitriol

1. uv raditation makes previtamin d3 from cholesterol then into d3

2. liver adds OH to make it into calcidiol

3. kidneys add OH to make it into calcitriol

calcitriol acts as a ____

hormone

what are the 3 functions of calcitriol

1. stimulates intestine to absorb calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium

2. weakly promotes urinary reabsorption of calcium

3. promotes osteoclast activity

why does osteoclast activity become promoted by calcitriol?

to bring blood calcium to the level needed for deposition

calcitonin is secreted by the ____ ___ of the ___ when _____ occurs

clear cells of the thyroid: hypercalcemia

calcitonin can reduce ______ activity by up to ___ % in __ minutes

osteoclast: 70: 15

calcitonin can increase the number and activity of ____

osteoblasts

calcitonin may reduce ___ __ in pregnant women

bone loss

when is parathyroid hormone released?

during hypocalcemia

parathyroid hormone is secreted by ___ on the ____ side of the ____

glands: posterior: thyroid

parathyroid tumors can cause what to happen?

too much to be released, causing calcium to be extracted thus causing bone loss

what are the 4 functions of parathyroid hormone?

• binds to osteoblasts to stimulate multiplication and activity of osteoclasts

• promotes calcium reabsorption (in the kidneys)

  • promotes calcitriol synthesis (in the kidneys)

• inhibits collagen synthesis and bone deposition by osteoblasts

sex hormones ____ osteoclasts and ____ osteoblast

inhibit/promote

hGH stands for

human growth hormone

hGH promotes ____ _____ and _____ for ___ ____

both osteoblasts and osteoclasts for bone remodeling

intramembranous ossification vs endochondral ossification (main idea)

membrane to bone

cartilage to bone

what does intramembranous ossification start with

mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue)

intramembranous ossification forms what kinds of bones? (6)

flat bones of the skull, the pelvis, facial bones, the scapulae, parts of the mandible, and the clavicle

endochondral ossification starts with a ____ ____ ____ which then is ____ ___ and ____ by bone

hyaline cartilage model: broken down and replaced

most bones of the body are formed by ____ ____

endochondral ossification

bone length vs bone width growth names

interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plate

appositional growth

describe the process of interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plate

epiphyseal cartilage of the epiphyseal plate divides to make more while diaphyseal cartilage of the plate is made into bone

appositional growth process

osteoblasts under the periosteum outside the bone secrete bone matrix and build bone while osteoclasts on the endosteum on the inside break down the bone and widen the marrow cavity

after appositional growth, is the bone heavier, lighter, or the same as it was before?

same

what are 5 different treatment options for osteoporosis?

-hrt (estrogen)

-vitamin D and calcium supplements

-weight bearing activity

-natural progesterone cream (stimulate new bone growth)

-statins (increase mineral density)

what are the 3 types of joint classifications?

-fibrous (synarthrosis)

-cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis)

-synovial

_____ and ____ bones have no ____ ____

fibrous and cartilaginous joints ; joint cavity

____ are the most movable kind of joint

synovial

fibrous joints join two ____ bones held together by _____ _____ extending from the ____ of one bone to another

adjacent: collagen fibers : matrix

what are the 3 examples of synarthroses?

-skull sutures

-gomphoses

-syndesmoses

_____ are ____ joints found at the radioulnar and tibiofibular points of contact.

syndesmoses; fibrous

what are gomophoses?

roots of the teeth meeting the bone of the jaw

what are 4 examples of cartilaginous joints?

-intervertebral discs

-pubic symphysis

-sternocostal joints

-epiphyseal plates of long bones

what are the 2 kinds of cartilaginous joints? what joints fall under each?

-synchondroses-manubrium to ribs and epiphyseal plates

-symphyses-intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

what are 6 examples of places on the body that are jointed by synovial joints?

-knee, shoulder, phalanges, hip, carpals, and elbow

name the 5 main components of synovial joints

-articular cartilage

-articular capsule

-synovial (joint) cavity

-synovial fluid

-reinforcing ligaments

describe the internal and external layers of the articular capsule

-synovial membrane (loose conn. tissue)

-continuous with periosteum (dense irregular conn. tissue)

the articular capsule covers all ____ ____ surfaces except those that ____ ____ is already covering, here it just ____ them

internal joint : articular cartilage : surrounds

the joint cavity is what?

the potential space inside a joint capsule

synovial fluid is ____ and ____ all ____ ____ inside the joint capsule

slippery: occupies all free space

how is synovial fluid made?

filtration of blood through capillaries

describe the 6 types of synovial joints

1.plane (gliding) flat

2.hinge cylinder and trough

3.pivot rounded end and ring

4.condyloid oval and depression

5.saddle both sides saddle shaped (convex/concave)

6.ball and socket cuplike

the thumbs are examples of ____ joints while the proximal radioulnar/axial-atlas are examples of ___ joints

saddle:pivot

what are 2 examples of plane (gliding) joints

intercarpal and intertarsal

what are 2 examples of hinge joints

elbow and interphalangeal

radiocarpal and metacarpophalangeal joints are examples of ____ joints that exhibit an ____ and a _____

condyloid; oval and a depression

cruciate vs collateral ligaments

-cross inside the joint to prevent sliding too far

-on sides of joint to prevent over rotation

osteoarthritis vs rheumatoid arthritis

-enzymes break cartilage down and make movement restricting spurs

-autoimmune

sprain vs. strain

-ligament vs tendon/muscle