Chapter 16&19 Test

Anatomy and Physiology

Which are the functions of the lymphatic system?

What role does the lymphatic system have in influencing body fluids?

What vessels does lymph enter when exiting from the collecting ducts?

How are tissue fluid and lymph formed?

Which type of blood vessel are most similar to lymphatic vessels?

What are the two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks?

What is the cisterna chyli?

How does lymph differ from plasma?

What causes an increase in lymph formation?

What is a common side effect of having axillary lymph nodes removed in the treatment of

breast cancer?

What moves lymph through lymphatic vessels?

What are the functions of lymph?

What is the function of MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)?

What are the main groups of lymph nodes and what general area does each serve?

Which part of the body lacks lymph nodes?

During an infection, what happens to the lymph nodes that drain the infected area?

Where are clusters of B cells located within a lymph node?

Where do blood vessels and nerves enter a lymph node?

Where are the supratrochlear lymph nodes located?

What are the two functions of lymph nodes?

Where is the thymus located?

What hormones stimulate maturation of T lymphocytes?

Which WBCs mature in the thymus?

What complication would occur if a person had an under-developed thymus?

What happens to the size of the thymus over time?

Describe the spleen.

Which organ has red and white pulp?

What happens to red blood cells in the spleen?

What are pathogens?

Disease-causing agents

How do viruses differ from other pathogens?

Non-Living and cannot reproduce on their own outside a living cell

Compare innate vs adaptive immune defenses based upon speed and specificity.

Innate- Rapid, non-specific

Adaptive- Slower, Specific

Differentiate between innate and adaptive defenses

Innate- nonspecific defenses

Adaptive- specific defense to a particular pathogen, attack directly with t cells or b cells

What is the body's first response to injury and possible infection?

Innate defense mechanisms

What is species resistance to a virus?

Virus affect one species but not another

List examples of mechanical barriers.

Skin, Mucous membranes, sweat, tear, saliva, urine, hair, mucous,

What are mechanical barriers?

Defense mechanisms that physical prevent the entrance of pathogens

What causes the redness and swelling that occurs with inflammation?

Redness- Vasodilation

Swelling- Increased capillary permeability and fluid entry into tissue spaces

What does complement do?

Initiates a cascade of reactions and the overall affect is inflammation, attraction of phagocytes, and enhancement of phagocytosis

How do cytotoxic T cells destroy their targeted cells?

Release perforin which is going to poke whole in the membrane and lyse the cells membrane

What type of phagocytic cells are circulating in the blood?

Neutrophils and monocytes

What cells make up the mononuclear phagocytic system?

Monocytes and macrophages

Which cells are phagocytes in tissues?

Macrophages

What is the effect of interleukin-1 secretion?

Fever

Why is a short-term low-grade fever an effective innate defense?

Inhibits microbial growth and increases phagocytic activity

What are examples of innate defenses?

Species resistance, mechanical barriers, inflammation, chemical barriers, natural killer cells, phagocytosis, fever

T lymphocytes are responsible for what aspect of defense against infection?

Cellular immune response

What cell types are primarily responsible for immunity?

lymphocytes and macrophages

What is the relationship between antigens and antibodies?

Antigens are going to trigger production of antibodies that match them

Which major events occur during an adaptive immune response?

immune cells will directly attack or secrete antibodies

What is a hapten?

Small molecule not antigenic by itself but when combined with a large molecule can evoke an immune response

What is the result of a cellular immune response?

T-cells interact directly with the antigenic agent and destroys them

Once an antigen-presenting cells engulfs and digests an antigen, what does it use to display

the antigen fragments on their cell surfaces?

What do all other cell types (besides antigen-presenting cells) use?

Major histocompatibility complex type 2

MHC type 2

What is the target of cytotoxic T cells?

Virally infected cells and cancerous cells

List the cytokines that are important to an immune response and the function of each.

Colony-stimulating factors- stimulate bone marrow to produce lymphocytes

Interferons- Block viral replications

Interleukins- Lymphocytes to differentiate and proliferation

Tumor necrosis factor- stop tumor growth

What substance do virus-infected cells release to protect nearby cells from becoming

infected?

interferons

What happens to B cells once they encounter their target and are activated?

Divide and proliferate and then differentiate into plasma cells which produce and secrete antibodies

What type of antigens do B cells target?

Free antigens

What is the function of plasma cells?

produce antibodies

What is an immunoglobulin molecule?

Antibody molecule released by b-cells that bind to specific antigens

What part of an antibody molecule binds to its targeted antigen?

Variable regions of both the heavy and light chains

What type of immunoglobulin is the most abundant of the circulating antibodies?

IgG

Which antibody can pass through mother’s milk to newborns to protect against certain

infections?

IgA

Where is most Immunoglobulin A found?

exocrine gland secretions (tears, milk, sweat)

List and describe the antibody actions against antigens

Agglutination- Clumping of the antigens

Precipitation- Forming an insoluble complex

Neutralization- cover toxic portions of antigens

Activation of complement- causing opsonization, chemotaxis, lysis, neutralization

Inflammation

What is opsonization?

Coating the antigen-antibody complexes to make it more easily phagocytized

What causes mast cells to release histamine?

allergen binds to IgG antibodies on mast cells

Why do bacteria and virus activate polyclonal responses?

They have many different antigens on their surface

What is a monoclonal antibody?

therapeutic drug consisting of a single type of antibody

Describe antibody production in a primary immune response.

Type IV (4)

What happens to B cells during the primary immune response?

differentiate into plasma cells and release IgM and then after a couple of days release IgG

Why is it unlikely for a person to suffer from infection with the same virus more than once?

Memory B cells and Memory T cells will quickly recognize and destroy the pathogen

What type of immune resistance will a person develop after contracting and fighting off an

infection?

naturally acquired active immunity

Does the injection of synthetic antibodies trigger active immunity? Why or why not?

No, because the immune system wasn’t triggered

What is active immunity?

permanent immunity obtained when person is exposed to antigen, mounts immune response

What occurs when a vaccine is given to the majority of a population? What is the

significance of this?

Herd immunity

Provides protection to the whole population

What type of immunity is obtained by injection of gamma globulins?

Artificially acquired passive immunity

How does a vaccine produce its effects?

Stimulate a primary immune response which confers immune memory without causing illness

Which type of hypersensitivity has a risk of anaphylactic shock?

Type 1

What type of immunoglobulins are involved in type I hypersensitivity?

IgE

What type of hypersensitivity involves T lymphocytes?

type IV (4)

What cell marker is most important to match between donor and recipient to prevent

rejection of a transplanted organ?

MHC

What medications help reduce tissue transplant rejection? Why?

Immunosuppressive drugs because it decrease the likelihood of your immune system attacking

What type of disorder occurs when the immune system wrongfully attacks a person’s own

tissues or organs?

Autoimmune disorders

What type of disorder includes rheumatic fever, Graves' disease, and systemic lupus

erythematosus?

Autoimmune disorders

What type of cell is targeted by HIV? What is the significance of this?

Helper t cells

You have no antibodies or humoral or cellular immunity

Why might elderly individual need higher doses of vaccines than younger persons?

Antibody response to antigens is slower

Which age group has the highest occurrence of autoimmune diseases?

Elderly or older person

What is the proper term for gas exchange between the atmosphere and cells as well as the

resulting chemical reactions that provide the cells with energy?

Respiration

What occurs in external respiration?

breathing and gas exchange in lungs

What molecule does cellular respiration harness energy from?

Glucose and other macronutrients

Where are the organs of the upper respiratory tract located?

In the head and neck outside thorax

What tissue lines the nasal cavity?

Pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

What are the functions of the nasal passages?

warm, moisten, and filters inspired air

Which skull bones contain a paranasal sinus?

Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid

With smoking, what cell type typically undergoes changes, leading to the development of

lung cancer?

epithelial cells

Why are smokers more susceptible to respiratory infections?

loss of cilia, cilia no longer function

What occurs with exposure to secondhand smoke?

increase risk of lung and heart disease

What is the correct order of the parts of the pharynx from superior to inferior?

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

How are the passageways of the pharynx and larynx different?

pharynx- food and air pass through

larynx- Just air

Which laryngeal cartilages are paired vs unpaired?

Paired- arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform

Unpaired- Thyroid, cricoid, epiglottic