BIO 112 Exam 2 Final study

Extracellular matrix

network of polysaccharides, collogen, and proteins that supports animal tissues

Embryonic development

the process by which a fertilized egg develops into a complex organism, involving cell division, differentiation, and morphogenesis.

porifera

A phylum of simple, multicellular animals commonly known as sponges, characterized by a porous body and a lack of true tissues and organs.

cnidaria

A phylum of aquatic animals known for their stinging cells (cnidocytes) used for capturing prey, which includes organisms like jellyfish, corals, and sea anemones.

Platyhelminthes

A phylum of flatworms, including free-living and parasitic species, characterized by their soft, flattened bodies and bilateral symmetry.

nematoda

the phylum of roundworms, known for their cylindrical bodies, and includes both free-living and parasitic species.

Annelida

the phylum that deals with segmented bodies with bilateral symmetry made up of earthworms and leeches

Mollusca

The major phylum that are mainly soft, mantle, muscular foot, and possible vascular mass. That contains clams, snails, and octopuses.

Arthropoda

the largest phylum that is made of jointed appendages, segmented body, and exoskeleton. These can be seen in insects, spiders, crabs

Echinodermata

The phylum that is exclusively marine that have a water vascular system with tubed feet and adult radical symmetry. This can be mainly seen in sea stars and sea urchins.

chordate

the phylum that has 1 of the 4 defining traits and at least 1 developmental stage. usually seen in tunicates, lancelets, and vertebrates

notochord

the chordate characteristic that is a flexible support rod

Dorsal hallow nerve

the Chordata characteristics that develops into a central nervous system within vertebrates

Pharyngeal slits/pouches

The Chordata characteristic that deals with the development of digestive and respiratory system development.

Post-anal tail

The Chordata characteristics that support the notochord that helps with movement

Jawless vertebrates

The vertebrate that has long evolutionary history that lack jaws and paired fins, scales, cartilage bodies, 7+ gills. typically, new lampreys and hagfish

gnathostomes

The vertebrate that has a jaw formed from the modification of pharyngeal pouches

cartilaginous fish

The jawed aquatic vertebrates that have skeletons primarily made of cartilage that includes sharks and rays.

bony vertebrates/Osteichthyes

the vertebrates that have a skeleton primarily composed of bone tissue that includes tetrapods and bony fish

tetrapods

the vertebrates that are composed if 4 limbs, that evolved from lob finned fishes. This includes mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and birds

amniotes

The tetrapod vertebrate clade that includes embryos that develop in an embryotic egg/ amniotic egg

Jawed advantages

the advantage that brings larger and varied prey, feeding efficiency, new niches, and pharyngeal arches modified.

How tetrapods evolved?

the adaptation from lob-finned fish where limbs turned into digits, stronger vertebrates and limbs, lungs and improved air breathing, stronger skeleton against gravity.

How amniotes evolved

evolution that protects embryos in fluid membrane, has extraembryonic membrane, internal fertilization, and water resistance for water conservation

extraembryonic membrane

The amniotic membrane that helps with gas exchange, waste storage, and nutrient supply

green algae

the algae that live within the Chlorophyta phylum that are aquatic that are the closest to the evolution of land plants

bryophytes

A type of nonvascular seedless plants that reproduce via spores and require water for sperm movement. This includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts.

seedless vascular plants

a type of plant that has specialized vascular tissues that transport water and nutrients and reproduce via spores. This includes ferns and horsetail

gymnosperms

a type of plants that is seed producing through exposed seeds. This can be seen pines and cycads

angiosperms

The most diverse group of flowering plants and has seeds enclosed within fruits. this includes grasses, roses, and apple trees.

stomata

the part that regulates gas exchange and water loss in land plants

Xylem

The plant structure that helps with transporting water and minerals up within the plant

Phloem

the plant structure that deals with transporting sugar up and down within the plants.

Lignin

The specialized organic polymer that is part of cell walls to strengthen support tissues

Alternation of generations

life cycle in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte alternates with a multicellular diploid sporophyte, involving meiosis to produce spores and fertilization to form a zygote.

Gametophytes

the haploids (n) that produce gametes by mitosis

sporophytes

The spores (2n) that are produced by meiosis

Meiosis

The process that turns diploids into haploids by producing spores

fertilization

the process that turns 2 haploid gametes into a united form of a diploid zygote

vascular tissue

the specialize tissue that makes efficient at transporting and structural support that permits for larger plant growth

pollen

the plant substance that transports male gametophytes without requiring external water for sperm delivery

prokaryotic cells

The cell that has no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles. has circular chromosomal DNA and is usually smaller. can be found within bacteria and archaea.

eukaryotic cells

the cell that has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles, linear chromosomal DNA, larger and more compartmentalized and found within animals, plants, fungi, and protists

nitrogen cycling

the process where some bacteria are able to fix nitrogen by turning it into a usable form

abiotic chemical evolution

the theory that nonliving chemical processes formed organic molecules under earths early conditions.

metabolism first models

The belief that life began with self-sustaining chemical reaction networks before RNA

the sequences of the life origin

Simple inorganic molecules and energy sources were present on early Earth.

Organic building blocks formed through abiotic chemistry.

Larger molecules and catalytic systems developed.

Replication and inheritance emerged; RNA may have played an early role.

Membrane-bound protocells formed and concentrated chemical reactions.

More complex cellular systems evolved, leading to the first cells.

Hadean eon

The eon where earth forms and its surfaces and oceans develop 4.54 - 4.0 BYA

Archean eon

the eon that has the earliest evidence of life in microbial ecosystems. during 4.0 - 2.5 BYA

Proterozoic eon

the eon where the oxygen raised substantially, eukaryotes began to evolve, and multicellular organisms developed. 2.5 BYA - 539 MYA

Paleozoic era

the era where the Cambrian explosion took place, marine animals evolve, colonization of land plants and animals, and the raise of amniotes. 539 - 252 MYA

Mesozoic era

the era where dinosaurs diversified, mammals and birds evolved, flowering plants appeared and diversified 252 - 66 MYA

Cenozoic era

the era where mammals and birds diversity, and grass lands expanded, hominins to get to humans

Ordovician-Silurian Extinction

This was the first major mass extinction, primarily affecting marine life. Caused the loss of 70-85% of species 443 MYA. this was due to glaciation, falling sea-levels, and ocean changes

Late Devonian Extinction

The second mass extinction that impacted marine animals. due to prolonged ocean disruptions, climate, and oxygen poor oceans. caused the loss of 70-85% 375MYA

Permian-Triassic Extinction

the third and largest mass extinction known as the great dying that cased 96% of species loss due to warming, volcanism, ocean deoxygenification and acidity 253 MYA

Triassic-Jurassic Extinction

The 4th mass extinction that cleared out for the dinosaurs about 76-80% of species loss. due to volcanism, climate, and ocean changes 201 MYA

Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction

The 5th mass extinction that wiped out nonavian dinosaurs and many marine species due to massive astroid impact. 66 MYA