Educational Psychology mod 2

memory

a faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information

storage

the process of retaining encoded information in the brain over time so it can later be retrieved

encoding

the process of converting sensory information into a mental form that the brain can store and later retrieve

attention

the ability to actively focus on specific information in the environment while ignoring other details

perception

the process whereby sensory stimulation is translated into organied experience

retrieval

the process of accessing

rehearsal

the mental process of repeating information to keep it active in your memory

sensory register

the first, brief stage or memory that holds raw sensory information such as sights, sounds, and touch for only a fraction of second before it fades or moves to short term memory

short-term memory

the reproduction, recognition, or recall of a limited amount of material after a period of about 10-30 seconds

long-term memory

a relatively permanent information storage system that enables one to retain, retrieve, and make use of skills and knowledge, hours, weeks, or even years after they were originally learned

episodic memory

the ability to remember personally experienced events associated with a particular time and place

procedural memoryr

long-term memory for the skills involved in a particular task

semantic memory

memory for general factual knowledge and concepts, of the king that endows information with meaning and ultimately allows people to engage in such complex cognition processes as recognizing objects and using language

interference

the blocking of learning or of memory retrieval by the learning or remembering of other conflicting material

primacy effect

the tendency for facts, impressions, or items that are presented first to be better learned or remembered than material presented later in the sequence

recency effect

a memory phenomenon in which the most recently presented facts, impressions, or items are learned or remembered better than material presented earlier

automaticity

the quality of a behavior or mental process that can be carried out rapidly and without effort or explicit intention

massed practice

a learning procedure in which practice trials occur close together in time, either in a single lengthy session or in sessions separated by short intervals

distributed practice

a learning procedure in which practice periods for a particular task are separated by lengthy rest periods or lengthy periods of practicing different activities or studying other material, rather than occurring close together in time

rote learning

memorization by repetition without an elaboration or other deep processing of the material

metacognition

awareness of one’s own cognitive processes, often involving a conscious attempt to control them

(9 Events of Instruction) Gaining attention

reception/motivation

(9 Events of Instruction) informing learners of the objective

establishment of expectancies

(9 Events of Instruction) stimulating recall of prior learning

retrieval from long-term memory

(9 Events of Instruction) presenting stimulus material

selective perception

(9 Events of Instruction) providing learning guidance

semantic encoding

(9 Events of Instruction) eliciting performance

response generation

(9 Events of Instruction) providing feedback

reinforcement

(9 Events of Instruction) assessing performance

metacognition

(9 Events of Instruction) enhancing retention and transfer

generalization

instructional objectives

statements of the skills or concepts students should master after a period of instruction

assessment

a measure of the degree to which instructional objectives have been attained

Bloom’s Taxonomy of educational objectives

a classification system developed by Benjamin Bloom that orders objectives from simply learning tasks to more complex ones

behavior content matrix

a chart that classifies lesson objectives according to a cognitive level

affective objective

an objective concerned with students’ feelings, interests, attitudes, and apprciation

psychomotor objective

an objective dealing with students’ physical abilities and skills, such as handwriting, typing, swimming, or sculpting

table of specifications

a list of instructional objectives and expected levels of understanding that guides test development