Biology test 2

Nucleus (Structure)

Sphere with a double membrane enclosing DNA.

Nucleus (Function)

Control center; stores DNA and directs the cell, contains much of the genetic information in the cell

Rough ER (Structure)

Flattened membrane network covered with bumpy ribosomes.

Rough ER (Function)

Folds, modifies, and transports proteins.

Smooth ER (Structure)

Smooth tube network with no ribosomes.

Smooth ER (Function)

Makes lipids, detoxifies harmful substances, and helps store calcium

Ribosome (Structure)

Tiny dots made of ribosomal RNA and protein.

Ribosome (Function)

Factory that builds cellular proteins in the cytoplasm.

Golgi Apparatus (Structure)

Stack of flattened, separate membranous sacs.

Golgi Apparatus (Function)

Warehouse; sorts, modifies, stores, packages (with specific molecular label), and sends proteins and other products of the ER to other destinations

Mitochondria (Structure)

Bean/oval shaped, two membranes: smooth outer membrane and folded inner membrane called cristae

Mitochondria (Function)

Powerhouse of the cell; generates ATP energy for the cell through cellular respiration

Chloroplast (Structure)

Green bean/oval with 2 membranes; contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that absorbs sunlight

Chloroplast (Function)

Solar panel; turns sunlight into chemical energy stored in glucose through photosynthesis.

Cell Wall (Structure)

Tough, rigid outer layer outside the membrane made of cellulose

Cell Wall (Function)

Shields the cell, preventing it from breaking easily and keeps its shape. Prevents the intake of too much water.

Cytoskeleton (Structure)

Network of tiny protein tracks and fibers throughout the cell

Cytoskeleton (Function)

Highway system; gives shape, moves parts around and organizes organelles.

Vacuole (Structure)

Membrane-bound sac filled with fluid

Vacuole (Function)

Storage tank for water and nutrients. Stores materials and helps maintain pressure in plants, keeping them firm

Lysosome (Structure)

Small membrane bubble filled with digestive enzymes.

Lysosome (Function)

Trash disposal; breaks down waste and old parts. Digests macromolecules, carries out intracellular digestion. Allows cell to renew itself .

Centriole (Structure)

Pair of barrel. Made of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring.

Centriole (Function)

Organizes cell division and pulls chromosomes apart.

Cilia (Structure)

Short, dense, hair made of microtubules surrounded by cell membrane

Cilia (Function)

Rows like oars to move cells or push fluid. Faster.

Flagella (Structure)

Long, tail made of microtubules surrounded by cell membrane

Flagella (Function)

Propeller tail that swims the whole cell forward through water.

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A cell that has a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

Photosynthesis stores energy in sugars; cellular respiration releases energy from sugars to produce ATP.

Where are proteins made?

In ribosomes. Proteins that will be secreted or sent to certain membranes are made by ribosomes attached to the rough ER

What happens after a ribosome makes a protein?

It enters ER as it is being made, there the protein is synthesized (folded and processed).

What carries proteins from the rough ER to the golgi?

Transport vesicles.

What carries proteins away from the golgi?

vesicles

where can a protein go after leaving the golgi?

It can go to the cell membrane, be released outside the cell, or be delivered to another destination, such as a lysosome.

What is the difference between the rough ER and the golgi?

The rough ER helps make and fold certain proteins; the golgi modifies, sorts, and packages them

Does every protien go from the rough ER to the golgi?

No, some protiens are made on free ribosomes and stay in the cytoplasm or go to other locations without following this pathway.