Real Gases, Heat, Work, Internal energy

What is repulsion?

Force between particles that pushes them away from each other at a very small separation

What is attraction?

Force between particles that pulls them towards one another at intermediate separation

When is there no interaction between gas particles?

When they are at large separations, where the forces of attraction and repulsion are negligible

What is a compression factor?

Ratio between molar volumes of a real and perfect gas

What are virial coefficients?

Temperature-dependant parameters that quantify how real gas molecules interact with each other

What is vapour pressure?

The pressure exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid at a given temperature

What is a critical point?

The temperature and pressure at which the properties of a gas and its liquid phase become indistinguishable, leading to a single phase

What are the critical constants of a substance?

Molar volume, temperature, pressure

What is a supercritical fluid?

A state of matter that occurs at temperatures and pressures above its critical point, exhibiting properties of both gases and liquids, enabling it to dissolve materials like a liquid while having the diffusivity of a gas

What is a Van der Waals equation?

An equation of state that describes the behavior of real gases by factoring in the volume occupied by gas molecules and the attractive forces between them

What is work?

Motion against an opposing force

What is energy?

Capacity of the system to do the work

What is heat?

Energy transferred between systems due to temperature difference

What is an exothermic process?

A process that results in energy release into the surroundings

What is an adiabatic process?

A thermodynamic process in which no heat is exchanged between the system and its surroundings, resulting in changes in internal energy solely due to work done on or by the system

What is an endothermic process?

A process that absorbs energy from the surroundings

What is heating in regards to molecular motion?

Transfer of energy that makes use of disorderly molecular motion

What is work in regards to molecular motion?

Transfer of energy that makes use of the organized molecular motion

What is expansion work?

Work done by a system when it expands (contracts) against an external pressure, resulting in a change in volume

What is internal energy?

The total energy contained within a system, including kinetic and potential energy of its molecules