Cell communication and cell cycle

What are the three stages of cell signaling

reception, transduction, response

What is reception

The target detects a signaling molecule (external cue) that binds to a receptor protein on the cell surface. Responding to an outside stimuli

What is transduction

The binding of the signaling molecule alerts the receptor and initiates a signal transduction pathway, transduction occurs in a series of steps

What is a response in cell signaling

Transduction signaling gives rise to a specific cellular response.

What are the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction

-sexual reproduction: produces offspring that are SIMILAR to the parents but show VARIATIONS in traits

-asexual reproduction: produces offspring that are identical to the original cell or organism. It involves inheritance of all genes from one parent.

What are the phases of the cell cycle

Mitotic (m) phase (mitosis and cytokinesis), interphase - G1, S, G2

What occurs in the G1 phase of the cell cycle?

Cell growth

What occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle?

DNA replication

What occurs in the G2 phase of the cell cycle

Organelles and proteins needed for cell division are replicated

What occurs in prophase

chromosomes condense, centrioles appear and nuclear membrane disappear

What occurs in metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

What occurs in anapahse

chromosomes pull apart towards the poles

What occurs in telophase

nucleus divides

What are the phases of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

What is the role of the mitotic spindle

controls chromosome movement during mitosis, made of microtubuoles

Whar is the centrosome

A type of microtubule-organizing center where assembly of the spindle microtubules begins

How is cytokinesis different in plants and animals

animals: cleavage furrow

plants: form cell plate

What are the normal checkpoints that control the cell cycle

There are three, at G1, G2, and metaphase

What does the metaphase checkpoint check

mitotic spindles properly attached to chromosomes

What does the G1 checkpoint check for?

cell size, nutrients, growth factors, DNA damage

What does the G2 checkpoint check for?

Was the DNA correctly replicated?

Is the DNA replication complete?

Did enough proteins get built?

What are growth factors

proteins that stimulate cell division

What are the different types of tumors

benign- abnormal cell remains at the normal site

malignant- invade surrounding tissues and can spread

metastasis- treated with chemotherapy

How do cancer cells work

- they don't die when they are supposed to

- they don't have to pass checkpoints/monitor growth factors, leading to uncontrolled growth

- due to a mutation in the checkpoint genes