AP Biology Topic 2.1 Cell Structure and Function

Practice flashcards covering subcellular components, organelles, and their specific biological functions according to AP Biology Topic 2.1 notes.

What are ribosomes composed of, and what is their primary function?

Ribosomes are composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and protein, and they synthesize proteins according to messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences.

Why do ribosomes reflect the common ancestry of all known life?

Because these non-membrane, subcellular structures are found in cells in all forms of life.

What components make up the endomembrane system?

The endomembrane system consists of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles and transport vesicles, the nuclear envelope, and the plasma membrane.

What is the overall function of the endomembrane system?

To work together to modify, package, and transport polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins intercellularly.

What general functions does the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) perform in a cell?

It provides mechanical support by helping cells maintain shape and plays a role in intracellular transport.

What are the specific features and functions of the rough ER?

The rough ER is associated with membrane-bound ribosomes, allows for the compartmentalization of cells, and helps carry out protein synthesis.

What are the primary functions of the smooth ER?

The functions of the smooth ER include the detoxification of cells and lipid synthesis.

What is the structural composition and function of the Golgi complex?

It is a membrane-bound structure consisting of a series of flattened membrane sacs that correctly folds and chemically modifies newly synthesized cellular products and packages proteins for trafficking.

How does the double membrane structure of mitochondria enhance ATP synthesis efficiency?

The outer membrane is smooth, while the inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds that enable ATP to be synthesized more efficiently.

What are lysosomes, and what process are they involved in besides digesting material?

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes that digest material; they also play a role in programmed cell death (apoptosis).

How do vacuoles function differently in plant cells compared to animal cells?

In plant cells, a specialized large vacuole maintains turgor pressure through nutrient and water storage, whereas in animal cells, vacuoles are smaller in size, more plentiful, and store cellular materials.

What organisms contain chloroplasts, and what is their structural layout?

Chloroplasts are found in plants and photosynthetic algae, contain a double membrane, and serve as the location for photosynthesis.