RENR 321 Tree physiology

shoot

the stem and all appendages above ground

Buds

miniature shoots encased by scales that winter over for the next growing season

Root apical meristems

responsible for the elongation of roots

cell expansion

water enters the cell producing internal pressure pushing the cell walls outward

Dormant buds

miniature shoots containing shoot apical meristems with leaf primordia

Long shoots

responsible for the enlargement of the tree

short shoot

fully preformed and has a stem with short internodes. genetically controlled growth in both length and diameter

pine fascicles

A short shoot off a pine tree. Holds a fascicle of needles at the apex

Neoformed growth

The formation of leaf primordia and their expansion takes place in the same growing season.

Preformed growth

Miniature shoots are produced during the growing season prior to the year of shoot elongation.

Heterophyllous growth

Buds are present, but after flushing and expanding preformed leaves, more leaf primodia are produced and noeformed leaves are produced in the later part of the growing season.

Monopodial growth

when the terminal buds are responsible for shoot expansion

Sympodial growth

terminal shoots are produced from the lateral buds. No terminal buds at the end of a branch, instead there is multiple lateral buds.

Sylleptic shoot

lateral shoots which develop from lateral buds into fully extended branches with mature leaves in the same growing season.

Lammas shoots

multiple bud flashings closer to the end of the year

Proleptic shoots

branches that emerge from a lateral bud after a period of rest

Epicormic shoots

fast growing stems that emerge from dormant buds hidden beneath the bark

Adventitious shoots

stems that grow from unusual locations like roots, leaves, or callous tissue

Mycorrhizal associations

fungi associated with plant roots and from a symbiotic relationship

Hyphae

tiny hair like structures linked in a web called mycelium.

Ectomycorrhizae

fungi don’t penetrate the individual cells within the root

Endomychorrizae

penetrate the cell wall and are integrated in the cell membrane

Kinetic energy

the energy of motion

potential energy

stored energy

Exergonic process

final energy is lower than initial, reaction is spontaneous and doesn’t need a direct input of energy (Respiration)

Endorgonic process

energy at the end is greater than the initial, requires an energy input (Photosynthesis)

ATP

The cells main energy current. Used to provide energy for endrogonic reactions

Oxidation

Loosing electrons / hydrogen atoms

Reduction

Gaining electrons / hydrogen atoms

Enzyme

Proteins that act as a catalyst to speed up metabolic reactions

Substrate

The reactants on which an enzyme works on

Chlorophyll A

Blue-Green to dark green

Chlorophyll B

Yellow-Green

Cartenoids

Yellow, orange, red, and purple

xanophyds

Orange , red

Fluorescence

when energy is boosted by pigment to a higher energy level it can be released as light

How NADPH is formed

light excites chlorophyll which splits water molecules releasing hydrogen atoms, then NADP is reduced for sugar synthesis

How ATP is formed

light excites chlorophyll which splits water molecules releasing hydrogen atoms then ADP gains a phosphate

Calvin cycle

Rubisco (RuBP) is hydrogenized in to two molecules of PGA. then it is phosphorylated by ATP to form BPGA. Then the BPGA is reduced into PGAL. Five of the six PGAL molecules are used to make RuBP to start the cycle over again