Nutrition Fundamentals: Nutrients, Digestion, Dietary Guidelines, and Health

What factors influence eating habits based on religious teachings?

Cognitive factors

Which U.S. government agency regulates nutrition and health-related claims on product labels?

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

What health issues can consuming too much protein or excess amino acids contribute to?

Dehydration

What is fiber?

Nondigestible plant material

What is glycogen?

Highly branched storage polysaccharide in animals

What is an oligosaccharide?

Carbohydrate of 3-10 monosaccharides bonded together

What is starch?

Storage polysaccharide in plants; composed of amylose and amylopectin

Which fatty acids are considered essential?

Eicosapentaenoic acid, linoleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, alpha-linolenic acid

What is an essential mineral designated based on?

The amount required by the body

What dietary modifications can reduce triglyceride levels?

Reduce intake of simple sugars, reduce alcohol intake, reduce body weight if obese.

What is the role of Vitamin D in the body?

Increases calcium and phosphorus deposition in bones

What is the role of Vitamin A?

Important for vision

What is the role of Vitamin K?

Assists with blood clotting

What is the role of Vitamin E?

Donates electrons to neutralize free radicals

What is the role of Vitamin B-6?

Important for amino acid metabolism

Which food does NOT elicit an umami taste?

Strawberries

What do antioxidants give up to protect cells?

Electrons

What must a person suffering from celiac disease avoid?

Consuming foods that contain gluten

What is the recommendation for cholesterol intake based on the 2025-2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

Consume less than 150 mg/day of cholesterol.

What is NOT a requirement to become a registered dietitian nutritionist (RDN)?

Obtain a culinary certificate of training.

What do nutrition scientists add to a nutrient's EAR to establish its RDA?

A 'margin of safety' amount

Should total fat account for less than 10% of a healthy adult's total calories?

False

What percentage of total energy intake should protein comprise according to AMDR guidelines for a 22-year-old woman consuming 1800 kcal per day?

10 to 35

What is an example of mechanical digestion in the GI tract?

Chewing food up into smaller pieces in the mouth

What is the primary cause of preventable cancer deaths in the United States?

Smoking cigarettes

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

Vitamin E, Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Vitamin D

Which factor does NOT affect nutrient needs?

Ethnicity

What is the process that changes the normal shape of a protein?

Denaturation

Which carbohydrates are made by plants?

Glucose, fiber, starch, sucrose

What are the essential amino acids found in the lowest amount in an incomplete protein?

Limiting amino acid(s)

What qualifies as 'high fiber' in foods?

5 grams or more of fiber per serving

What does the body use proteins to make?

Certain hormones

What is the flap-like piece of tissue that prevents food from entering the trachea?

Epiglottis

Which statement about dietary supplements is FALSE?

All research studies on the supplement must show a beneficial effect on health.

What describes the build-up of lipid-containing plaque inside arterial walls?

Atherosclerosis

Which nutrient is NOT involved in cellular development?

Carbohydrates

What factors contribute to the development of metabolic syndrome?

Genetic factors, excess abdominal fat, insulin resistance, lack of physical activity

Is the term vitamin derived from the term vitamine?

True

What are risk factors for hypertension?

Smoking, family history of hypertension, advanced age, African-American ancestry.

Which statement about water is NOT true?

Water is necessary for immune function.

What often includes dietary changes for treating irritable bowel syndrome?

Learning stress management strategies.

What condition does Bernetta have that affects her salivary glands?

Autoimmune disease.

What condition occurs when a person's blood glucose level drops too low?

Hypoglycemia

What is a refined grain product that has nutrients added back called?

Enriched

What is a primary function of the digestive system?

Breakdown of food into nutrients.

What are proteins comprised of?

Amino acids

What dietary modification could help alleviate greasy stools after gallbladder removal?

Avoid high-fat meals.

Which statement about carbohydrate digestion is FALSE?

Carbohydrate digestion occurs at the fastest rate in the acidic environment of the stomach.

What are risk factors for constipation?

Low fiber intake.

Which statement about Dumping Syndrome is false?

Dumping Syndrome results in chyme staying in the stomach too long.

Are insects consumed as a source of high-quality protein in many parts of the world?

True

How much of water intake for Americans comes from beverages?

About 50%.

What is an example of a person's 'surface culture'?

What a person eats.

What do bacteria produce when they metabolize carbohydrates on teeth?

Acid.

What are signs or symptoms of dehydration?

Rapid weight loss, excessive sweating, vomiting, dark urine, dry mouth, fatigue.

What risk does Tyler have based on his habits?

Peptic ulcers.

What is the ongoing process of self-reflection and appreciation of cultural beliefs called?

Cultural humility.

Is peristalsis a voluntary response?

False.

What makes a nutrient essential?

The body does not make enough of it to meet its needs.

Which statement is true about protein-energy malnutrition?

Edema is a major sign of protein-energy malnutrition.

Which statement is NOT from the MyPlate plan?

Consume only animal-based sources of protein.

What is chyme?

The semisolid liquid formed by the partial digestion of food in the stomach.

What foods have naturally occurring trans fatty acids?

Beef, whole cow's milk, and butter.

What is Vitamin D's primary role in the body?

Regulation of blood calcium levels.

What are Daily Values?

Dietary standards developed for food labeling purposes.

What is an Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)?

The amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people.

What describes fat-soluble vitamins?

Vitamins A, D, E, and K are stored mostly in the liver.

Which food is NOT usually responsible for causing allergic responses?

Carrots and celery.

What symptoms may Jared experience due to eating before bed?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease.

What reaction did Carmen develop after exposure to peanuts?

Anaphylaxis.

What is a possible explanation that guides scientific research called?

A hypothesis.

What dietary precaution should Gabe's grandfather take with anticoagulant therapy?

Avoid large increases in dark green, leafy vegetable intake because vitamin K can reduce effectiveness of anticoagulants.

Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of celiac disease?

Heartburn

Can consuming too much chloride contribute to hypertension?

True

What is an anecdote?

Report of personal experience

What is conventional wisdom?

Tradition

What is data?

Information

What is an experiment?

Systematic testing of hypothesis

Do certain medications increase nutrient needs?

True

What hormone is secreted in response to food entering the stomach?

Gastrin

Which statement is TRUE?

Most foods are mixtures of nutrients.

Studying nutrition is important to what?

Learn about the nutritional value of foods and effects diet can have on health.

Can minerals only be consumed from animal food sources?

False

What enzyme do salivary glands secrete?

Amylase

Can processing remove nutrients from food?

True

What is a nutrient requirement?

The smallest amount of a nutrient that maintains a defined level of nutritional health.

Which statement is true regarding diet and health?

In the United States, poor eating habits contribute to some of the ten leading causes of death.

Does antibiotic usage lead to microflora imbalance?

True

Which cooking method minimizes the loss of water-soluble vitamins?

Steaming

Which organ produces and secretes enzymes essential for digestion?

Pancreas

What do plants make using the sun's energy?

Carbohydrates

What is the purpose of lipoproteins?

Transport fat in the blood.

Is hummus on whole-grain pita bread an example of complementary proteins?

True

Which cooking method results in the greatest potassium loss from potatoes?

Boiling in water

Which food is naturally a rich source of phytochemicals?

Blueberries

What is the most essential nutrient?

Water

How many calories does a teaspoon of sugar supply?

16 kcals

Which classes of nutrients regulate body processes?

Vitamins and minerals

What are lipids needed for?

Synthesize steroid hormones, make cell membranes, and insulate the body.

What research technique helps determine if experiment results were influenced by treatment?

Include a control group in the research design.