lab quiz #2 (histology)

cells are enclosed in a

phospholipid bilayer

the membrane must be

permeable

a cell is selective in what components are allowed to pass through the membrane which makes it

semi-permeable

active transport

energy is required, conc. gradient, low to high, ATP drives

passive transport

no energy is required

filtration

occurs across capillary walls due to pressure gradients

diffusion

no NET movement, opposite directions at equal rates

simple diffusion

passage of nonpolar and lipid-soluble particles (O2, CO2, fat soluble vitamins, and alcohol)

facilitated diffusion

molecules bind to protein carrier molecules in plasma membrane or pass through protein carrier molecule (glucose, simple sugars, and large molecules)d

dialysis

diffusion of water and solutes through membranes

osmosis

diffusion of water through membranes, solute movement is blocked

isotonic

same conc. in and out of the cell, no NET movement

hypertonic

solution surrounding cell has greater solute conc. than the cell, cell = hypotonic

shrink = crenation

hypotonic

surrounding solution contains less solute conc. than the cell, cell = hypertonic

water will flow into the cell

burst = lyse

classifications of tissue

nervous, muscle, connective, and epithelial

epithelial

cells packed closely, bound by tight junctions and desmosomes to form sheets, apical and basal surface

supported by CT deep to basement membrane

innervated but avascular

dead/lost cells replaced rapidly by mitosis

simple

one layer

stratified

multilayer

squamous

flattened and scale-like

cuboidal

square and cube-like

columnar

column shaped (taller than wide)

pseudostratified

simple columnar, but height of cells varies, look like more than one layer

transitional epithelium

a group of stratified squamous cells that appear plump when not stretched

simple squamous

air sacs of lungs

simple cuboidal

kidney tubules

simple columnar

GI tract

pseudostratified columnar

upper respiratory tract

stratified squamous

esophagus, mouth, skin, anus, vagina

transitional

urinary bladder

connective tissue

found in all regions of the body

protect, support, hold together tissue of the body

all CT arises from embryonic tissue called the

mesenchyme

loose CT proper

not a lot of cells

areolar loose CT

cushions and protects organs, very fibrous, found under body epithelia

adipose loose CT

fat tissue that insulates organs, cells look like “chicken wire” with nucleus pushed to the periphery by large fat droplet

reticular loose CT

network of fibers on which reticular cells lie; found in lymphoid organs

dense irregular CT

irregularly arranged collagen fibers; cells are fibroblasts; found in skin, GI, and fibrous joint capsules

dense regular CT

parallel collagen fibers; cells are fibroblasts; found in ligaments (bone to bone), tendons (muscle to bone), and aponeuroses (muscle to muscle)

dense elastic CT

high amounts of elastin fibers; found in trachea, bronchi, and walls of the aorta

hyaline cartilage

articular - end of long bones

costal - connects ribs to sternum

elastic cartilage

ear (helix), epiglottis

fibrocartilage

discs between vertebrae in spine, act as shock absorbers, pubic symphysis

bone

osseous (porous) tissue, cells are osteocytes

nonliving matrix is calcified

vascular and innervated

have lacunae, hold osteocytes

blood

red and white blood cells in a watery, fluid matrix

replenished frequently; transport within blood vessels

muscle tissue

highly cellular, well-vascularized

able to contract

skeletal muscle

attached to skeleton, multinucleated, under voluntary control (exception is the diaphragm)

cardiac muscle

found on in the heart, uninucleated, cells junctions have intercalated discs, striations, under involuntary (SA and NA nodes)

smooth muscle

small and spindle-shaped, visceral muscle, found in walls and linings of organs, uninucleated in the center

NO striations, under involuntary control

nervous tissue

regulates and controls body functions

composed of two major cell types

neuroglia (glial cells)

supporting cells that surround, protect, and insulate neurons

“non-conducting” cells

in CNS (microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes)

in PNS (satellite cells, and schwanna cells)

neurons

highly specialized cells that, upon stimulation, can conduct impulses

depolarization of pm

dendrites and axons

electrical and chemical communication