PSYC 154 #2

Unconditional Reflex

consists of an unconditional stimulus and an unconditional response

Touching something hot —> pulls hand away

Conditional Reflex

reflex acquired through Pavlovian conditioning that consists of a conditional stimulus and a conditional response

dog learns to salivate at the sound of a bell because the bell is consistently rung right before food arrives

Unconditional Stimulus (US)

the stimulus that elicits and unconditional response

Unconditional Response (UR)

the response elicited by an unconditional stimulus

Conditional Stimulus (CS)

the stimulus that elicits the conditional response

Conditional Response (CR)

the response elicited by a conditional stimulus

Pavlovian (Classical, Respondent) Conditioning

the procedure of pairing a neutral stimulus (CS) with a US

Higher-Order Conditioning

a variation of Pavlovian conditioning in which a stimulus is paired, not with a US, but with a well-established CS

Trace conditioning

the CS begins and ends before the US is presented

Delayed conditioning

the CS and US overlap

Simultaneous conditioning

the CS and US coincide exactly

Backward conditioning

the CS follows the US

CS-US Contingency

Contingency = prediction
It means how well the CS predicts the US

CS-US Continguity

Contiguity = closeness

It means how close together in time (or space) the CS and US occurCompound Stimulus

Compound Stimulus

two or more stimuli presented simultaneously, often as a CS

Overshadowing

failure of a stimulus that is part of a compound stimulus to become a CS

Latent Inhibition

the failure of a CR to appear as a result of prior presentation of the CS in the absence of the US

Blocking

failure of a stimulus to become a CS when it is part of a compound stimulus that includes an effective CS

Sensory Preconditioning

When two neutral stimuli are paired, and one later becomes conditioned, the other can also trigger the learned response.

Light + Bell → Bell + Food → Light alone causes salivation

Extinction

In Pavlovian conditioning, the procedure of repeatedly presenting a CS without the US

Conditioned Emotional Responses (CER)

Involves autonomic nervous system arousal
Negative (unpleasant) CERs
Positive (pleasant) CERs

Shaping

differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior

babbling —> words —> sentences

Using Shaping

Define target behavior
Is shaping the preferred procedure?
Identify the starting behavior
Choose the shaping steps
Choose the reinforcer

Differential reinforcement

One particular behavior is reinforced and all the other behaviors are not

Extinction

behavior that is not reinforced decreases

Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control

Used to develop stimulus control & new behaviors
ex. Learning new material for a class

Prompt?

An antecedent stimulus or event that controls a response

Response prompts

Involves the behavior or another person

Stimulus prompts

Involve change in an antecedent stimulus

Fading

Gradual removal of a prompt while the response occurs in the presence of the S^D

Prompt fading

Gradually removing the response prompt
Ex. Coach provides less and less physical assistance to Trevor to hit the ball

Stimulus fading

Gradually removing the stimulus prompt
Ex. Students look at answers on the flash cards less and less as they learn the answers to multiplication problems

Prompt Delay

Present the S^D , wait X number of seconds, then present the prompt (if needed)

ex. Teach wait for Natasha to say word, 4sec later no word, teach says word as prompt

Using Index Card to Study example prompt

S^D - A question on one side
R - providing the correct answer
Prompt - The correct answer on the other side of the index card
Fading - Look at the answer on the card less and less until you can give the answer without looking.

Behavioral Chain

A complex behavior consisting of many component behaviors that occur together in a sequence. AKA Stimulus Response change.

Backward Chaining

Teach last S-R component first.

Then teach next to last component, and so

on.

Forward Chaining

Teach first S-R component first.

Then teach second component, and so on.

What is the purpose of functional assessment?

Identify the antecedents and consequences maintaining a behavior

What does ABC stand for?

Antecedent → Behavior → ConsequencesW

What are the 5 steps of the treatment process?

Define behavior → collect data → assess function → treat → evaluate

What are antecedents?

Events or conditions occuring before a behavior

What are consequences?

Events following a behavior that may affect its future occurrence

What are the 4 functions of problem behavior?

Social positive, Social negative, Automatic positive, Automatic negative reinforcement.

What is social positive reinforcement?

Getting attention, objects, or activities through others.

What is social negative reinforcement?

Escaping tasks or interactions through others.

What is automatic positive reinforcement?

Behavior produces sensory stimulation without involving others.

What is automatic negative reinforcement?

Behavior relieves unpleasant sensations or feelings without involving others.