Gilded Age & Progressive Era

Progressive Movement

an early 20th century reform movement seeking to return control of the government to the people, to restore economic opportunities, and to correct injustices in American life

16th Amendment

1913 ratified, established a federal graduated income tax.

17th Amendment

1913 ratified, provides for the direct election of US senators by the people rather than by state legislatures.

18th Amendment

1919 ratified, The banning of the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages. "Prohibition"

Muckrakers

journalists who exposed the corrupt side of business and public life in the early 1900s.

Upton Sinclair

wrote "The Jungle", that portrays the dangerous and unhealthy conditions prevalent in the meat packing industry at that time.

Populists

a movement that demanded that people have a greater voice in government and sought to advance the interests of farmers and laborers

National American Women's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

An organization founded in 1890 to gain voting rights for women.

19th Amendment

1920 ratified, gives women the right to vote

NC 19th

North Carolina's general assembly ratified the 19th amendment in 1971 (51 years after the 19th was added to the US CONSTITUTION ~ Yikes!)

Direct primary

Voters, rather than politicians, would choose candidates for public office

"Trustbuster"

A person working to destroy monopolies and trusts. Teddy Roosevelt was know as a person who broke up many monopolies and trusts.

"Square Deal"

Teddy Roosevelt's progressive plan; involved trust-busting and conservation projects.

"New Freedom"

Wilson's progressive plan; involved creating theFederal Reserve and increased government regulation of business.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

A law that was intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum (oil) industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy. "TYCOON"

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. "TYCOON"

Cornelius Vanderbilt

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

George Vanderbilt

Built the Biltmore Estate and major benefactor of Asheville (1895)

J.P. Morgan

An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901

Tycoon

a wealthy, powerful person in business or industry. Sometimes called "Robber Barron" by workers

R.J. Reynolds

Young aggressive NC entrepreneur that transformed small villages to Tobacco centers. Founded R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company located in Winston-Salem NC.

Washington Duke

Tobacco industrialist and philanthropist; established Trinity College which eventually became Duke University

Immigration Act of 1882

In 1882, this act placed restrictions on the immigration of undesirable persons, such as paupers, criminals, convicts, and mentally incompetent.

Immigration in the 1920s

Congress reacted to the anti-foreigner pressure of the post-war period by passing the Emergency Immigration Act (1921) & National Origins Act of (1924). These laws established a quota system that discriminated and reduced the number of Jewish and Catholic "New Immigrants" allowed in the United States. These laws essentially closed the door to immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe.

Emma Lazarus

Granddaughter of German Jews; wrote "The New Colossus"; wanted immigrants to come to America; glad to accept them and welcome them into the country

Statue of Liberty

a large statue symbolizing hope and freedom on Liberty Island in New York Harbor. Gift from France for US Centennial.

Pure Food and Drug Act & Meat Inspection Act

-Halted the sale of contaminated food and drugs and to ensure truth in labeling.

-established strict cleanliness requirements for meat-packers and created a federal meat-inspection program.

William Howard Taft

Elected President in 1908; supported 16th amendment; disappointed progressives in the areas of tariffs and conservation. Became Supreme Court Judge after being President

Plessy v. Ferguson

The supreme court ruled that separation of the races in public accommodations was legal, thus establishing the "separate but equal" doctrine.

"Jim Crow" Laws

Laws enacted by southern state and local governments to separate white and black people in public and private facilities.

W.E.B. DuBois

Co-founded the NAACP to help secure legal equality for minority citizens.

National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

An organization founded in 1909 to promote full racial equality and to end discrimination mostly by using the court system

Ida B. Wells

co-founded NAACP, leading voice in social reform for African-Americans, spoke out against lynching

Susan B. Anthony

arrested for voting in 1872, women's rights leader promoting women's right to vote

National Park System

Established by Roosevelt to conserve land and wildlife

Spanish-American War

Under President McKinley, in 1898 a war that began when the United States demanded Cuba's independence from Spain. US gained Puerto Rice, Guam, & Philippians as territories from Spain following their loss of Cuba. "Monroe Doctrine" established.

Yellow Journalism

journalism that is based upon sensationalism and crude exaggeration.

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Gilded Age

A name for the late 1800s, coined by Mark Twain to describe the tremendous increase in wealth caused by the industrial age and the ostentatious lifestyles it allowed the very rich. The great industrial success of the U.S. and the fabulous lifestyles of the wealthy hid the many social problems of the time, including a high poverty rate, a high crime rate, and corruption in the government.

William McKinley

25th president responsible for Spanish-American War, Philippine-American War, and the Annexation of Hawaii, imperialism. Is assassinated by an anarchist

Alaska Purchase

Secretary of State William Seward bought Alaska from Russia for $7.2 Million ("Seward's Folly")

Theodore Roosevelt

26th president, known for: conservationism, trust-busting, Hepburn Act, safe food regulations, "Square Deal," Panama Canal, Great White Fleet, Nobel Peace Prize for negotiation of peace in Russo-Japanese War

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

Chester A. Arthur

Appointed customs collector for the port of New York - corrupt and implemented a heavy spoils system. He was chosen as Garfield's running mate. Garfield won but was shot, so Arthur became the 21st president.

President Garfield

Won the election of 1881, promised to end the spoils system, 4 months later he was assassinated for not giving one of his supporters a job in government

Biltmore Estate

The largest privately-owned home in the United States; the house of the Vanderbilt's. George Vanderbilt built this North Carolina estate & was the grandson for railroad tycoon Cornelius Vanderbilt.

robber barons

names based on the negative views of men like Carnegie, Rockefeller, and Carnegie gaining wealth with low paid workers

Bessemer Process

A way to manufacture steel quickly and cheaply by blasting hot air through melted iron to quickly remove impurities.

Social Darwinism

"survival of the fittest" that economic success comes to those who are the hardest working and most competent

Push Factors of Immigration

economic troubles

overcrowding

poverty

wars

religious persecution

famine

Pull Factors of Immigration

Economic Opportunity ($)

Jobs/ workers were needed

Land

Peace and stability (No War)

Freedoms ~ Religion, Speech, Politics

Lazziez Faire Economics

Is the belief that economics and business function best when there's no interference by the government.

Significance: Laissez-faire economics brought economic growth to the countries that used it and also showed that capitalism actually could work very well.