find biology

Affect of water pollution

• nutrient load up, excess nutrients from fertiliser are flushed into rivers by rainwater

• plants flourish

• algae booms, oxygen is depleted as it prevents sunlight reaching other plants, plants die

• decomposition further depletes oxygen, dead plants broken down by bacteria decomposers, using more oxygen

• oxygen level reach point no life is possible

human insulin from bacteria

• plasmid removed from a bacterium

• insulin gene is cut out of the human chromosomes using a restriction enzyme

  • r.e recognise specific sequences of DNA and cut the DNA at these points, the cut leaves one of the DNA strands with unpaired bases, sticky ends

• plasmid is cut open using the same r.e. same sticky ends

• plasmid and human insulin gene are mixed together

• lipase is added ,joins spicy ends together, produce recombinant DNA, to different bits of DNA stuck together

• the combinants DNA is inserted into a bacterium

• the modified bacterium is gro in vat under controlled conditions, end with millions of bacteria that produce insulin

• harvested and purified to treat diabetics

intraspecifc and interspectific

• completion between sam species

• competiion between another species

what can excess fertiliser cause

• eutrophication

novel foods

• food that doesn’t have a significant history of consumption in a. region

• fungus fusarium, is a rpotein

• conditions, ph adn temp maintained

• temperature controlled by a water jacket surrondon the whole thing

• sterile oxygen added, aerobic respiration occurs

• food source added

• mixture inside stirred, equal distribution of oxygen and nutrient

monoculture

• growing only one crop to maximise the food they produce

• can reduce key nutrients in the soil and lower biodiversity

gene therapy

involves inserting copies of normal alleles into the chromosomes of an individual who carries faulty genes
- identify genes involved in genetic disorder
- r.e. cut out the normal allele, many copies made, put into the cells of person with faulty genes

geotropism

• caused by the unequal distribution of auzin

• root horizontal, bottom contain more auxin and grows less, causing root to grow in the direction of the force of gravt

• stem horizontal, bottom more auxin and grow more, against force of gravity

amber

substances formed from hardened tree sap or resin, so the whole organism can be seen clearly