Lec2: Major Functional Components of CNS

PHAR 111 - Halliwell

What is the blue label representing?

Ectoderm

What is the red label representing?

Mesoderm

What is the yellow label representing?

Endoderm

What does the circle label represent?

Notochord

What does the square label B represent?

Neural Tube

What does the square label A represent?

Neural Plate

What does the green portion of the picture represent?

Spinal Ganglion

What does the grey label pointing to the red portion of the picture represent?

Somite

What does the Ectoderm form?

NS and Skin

What does the Mesoderm form?

Cardiovascular and skeletal muscle

What does the Endoderm form?

Lungs, Digestive system, Pancreas, Liver

What forms the embryotic forebrain?

Prosencephalon

What forms the embryotic midbrain?

Mesencephalon

What forms the embryotic hindbrain?

Rhombencephalon

What does the Telencephalon turn into?

Cerebral Cortex, Basal Ganglia, Hippocampus, Olfactory Bulb, Basal forebrain

What does the Diencephalon turn into?

Dorsal Thalamus, Hypothalamus

What does the Mesencephalon turn into?

Midbrain (Superior and inferior colliculi)

What does the Metencephalon turn into?

Cerebellum, Pons

What does the Myelencephalon turn into?

Medulla

Failure to close neural tube at caudal end results in _______

Spina Bifida

Failure to close neural tube at rostral end results in _______

Anencephaly → No Forebrain = Death

Failure to close entire neural tube results in _______

Craniorachischisis = Death

What is the name of the flat “valleys” of the brain? How much of the surface area does it take up?

Gyri, 1/3

What is the name of the grooves/folds of the brain? How much of the surface area does it take up?

Sulci, 2/3

How do the two hemispheres of the brain communicate?

Corpus Collosum (Commissural Fibers)

What does 1 represent?

Frontal Lobe

What does 2 represent?

Central Sulcus

What does 3 represent?

Parietal Lobe

What does 4 represent?

Parietal-Occipital Sulcus

What does 5 represent?

Occipital Lobe

What does 6 represent?

Cerebrum

What does 7 represent?

Cerebellum

What does 8 represent?

Brain Stem

What does 9 represent?

Temporal Lobe

What does 10 represent?

Lateral (Sylvian) Fissure

What does 1 represent? What are its responsibilities?

Bronca’s Area; Speech

What does 2 represent? What are its responsibilities?

Pre-frontal Area; Planning, social behaviors, and predicting future outcomes

What does 3 represent? What are located here?

Frontal Lobe; Motor and Pre-motor areas

What does 4 represent? What cortex is located here and what are its responsibilities?

Parietal Lobe; Somatosensory cortex, responsible for receiving info from sensory nerves to brain

What does 5 represent? What cortex is located here and what are its responsibilities?

Visual Cortex; Occipital Lobe and receives info from eyes

What does 6 represent? What are its responsibilities?

Wernick’s area; Language comprehension

What does 7 represent? What is another name for this?

Auditory Complex; Superior Temporal Gyrus

What does 8 represent? What are its responsibilities?

Cerebellum; Motor Control, Balance, Acquisition of motor skills

What does 9 represent? What are its responsibilities?

Temporal Lobe; Emotion and Memory

What does A represent? What are its functions?

Pre-central Gyrus; Primary Motor Cortex (planning of movement)

What does B represent? What are its functions?

Post-central Gyrus; Primary Somatosensory Cortex (Relay of info from body to brain)

How is grey matter organized?

Nuclei

How is white matter organized? Why is it white?

Tracts; Due to myelination of the axon fibers

What is the ultimate control and info processing center?

Cerebral Cortex

What are the axon fibers connecting the 2 cerebral hemispheres called?

Corpus Collosum

What relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex?

Thalamus

What acts as the major output tract of the hippocampus?

Fornix

What is linked to memory formation and is located in the temporal lobe?

Hippocampus

What is links emotions to memories?

Amygdala

What coordinates movement, balance, and support motor memories?

Cerebellum

What regulates the major autonomic functions such as heart rate, breathing, blood vessel function, sneezing, and coughing?

Medulla Oblongata

What acts as the pathway for neural fibers traveling to and from brain while also controlling simple reflexes?

Spinal Cord

What is involved in the control of breathing as well as sensations such as hearing, taste, balance, and reflex systems?

Pons

What is involved win motor movement (particularly the eye movements) and in auditory and visual processing?

Midbrain

What is the mastery endocrine gland?

Pituitary

What controls maintenance functions (like eating), helps govern endocrine system, Linked to emotion and reward, as well as setting circadian rhythms?

Hypothalamus

What are pyramidal tracts made of? Where do they originate? What is it called when they cross to the contralateral side of the body? Approximately where does this cross over occur?

Upper motor neurons; Motor cortex (Pre-central gyrus); Pyramidal Decussation; Occurs right underneath the Medulla